Njira akuti luso: zitsanzo mabuku

Full, yowutsa mudyo, chabwino ndi kowala bwino amapereka maganizo, mtima komanso kuona zinthu. Choncho bwino kuyesetsa wanu wonse, komanso kumangidwa ndi zolondola kwambiri chida mogwira mtima. Apa mwachidule chiyani njira akuti luso munthu ayenera kukwaniritsa chimene mukufuna kuchokera dziko lonse tsiku lililonse, ndipo kodi - kubwezeretsanso ndi nkhokwe ya kulankhula limaonetseratu mu mabuku.

Special chinenero expressiveness

mawonekedwe mawu, angathe kukopa chidwi cha anthuwo kapena owerenga, kuti izo losaiwalika ndi zachilendo, wapadera, chikhalidwe, ndi kuchoka ku chizolowezi ndi tsiku ndi tsiku - mawu chinenero.

Apa ntchito bwino, njira iliyonse ya akuti luso mabuku, mwachitsanzo, zimadziwika fanizo zvukopis, okokomeza, mwini, ndi ena ambiri. Muyenera kuchidziwa njira yapadera ndi njira osakaniza, monga phokoso mu mawu ndi collocations.

Kwambiri udindo ankaimba ndi mawu a, phraseology, galamala ndi mbali phonetic. Uliwonse kudzera mwa akuti luso mabuku ntchito pa magulu osiyanasiyana a bwino.

phonetics

Apa waukulu chinthu - zvukopis, ndi wapadera luso njira, zochokera pa chilengedwe cha mafano phokoso ndi kubwereza phokoso. Mukhoza yesezera zikumveka zenizeni dziko - pa akulira, kuimba mluzu, phokoso, mvula, etc., kuti hule Kugwirizana ndi maganizo ndi malingaliro amene muyenera kupempha womverayo kapena owerenga. Ichi ndi cholinga chachikulu kuti mwana'yo mwa akuti luso. Zitsanzo za onomatopoeia mabuku ambiri a nyimbo zolembalemba: kuno makamaka zabwino Balmont "Pakati pa Usiku nthawi ...".

Pafupifupi onse alakatuli ya Silver Age zvukopisi ntchito. Wokongola mizere kumanzere Lermontov, Pushkin, Boratynsky. The Symbolists anazindikiranso kuti akaitane ndipo Makutu, zithunzi ndiponso ngakhale olfactory, gustatory, chogwirika zithunzi kusuntha ndingaliro ya owerenga kumva ena ndiponso mtima.

Pali mitundu ikuluikulu iwiri, kwathunthu kwambiri disclosing zvukopisnye njira akuti luso. Zitsanzo Blok ndi Andrei Bely, nthawi zambiri ankangomva assonance - kubwerezabwereza wa za mawu kapena kuwomba ofanana. Mtundu chachiwiri - ndi alliteration, omwe kawirikawiri kale mu Pushkin ndi Tiutchev, - kubwereza kwa zilembo - zofanana kapena ofanana.

Mawu ndi phraseology

Njira yoyamba ya akuti luso mabuku - kudutsa kuti mogwira mtima amasonyeza zinthu kapena chinthu, pogwiritsa ntchito mawu m'njira wawo wophiphiritsa. The mitundu ikuluikulu ya tropes: fanizo, epithet, mwini, mafanizo, metonymy, synecdoche, periphrasis, okokomeza ndi litotes, Izitu n'zovutitsa.

Kuwonjezera tropes, pali njira yosavuta komanso zothandiza mawu akuti luso. zitsanzo:

• otsutsana nawo, ofanana matanthauzo, homonyms, paronyms;
• Zining'a;
• mawu utoto stylistically, ndi mawu, amagwiritsa zochepa.

Chinthu chathachi chikuphatikizapo slang ndi jargon, ndipo ngakhale mawu sakuvomereza anthu yabwino. Zotsutsana ndi zina zothandiza kwambiri kusiyana ndi achipongwe iliyonse: Kodi inuyo woyera! - mwana, kusambira mu dziwe. Mau ofanana nzeru ndi patsogolo molondola kulankhula. Okuluwika amasangalala ndi chakuti munthuyo akumva bwino ndipo mwamsanga amapita ku oyandikana. zinthuzo zinenero si njira mwachindunji mawu akuti luso. Zitsanzo za m'malo sanali wapadera, zoyenera ndi kanthu makamaka, kapena malemba, koma akhoza kwambiri kuwonjezera kwa kuwala kwa chifanizo ndi yaikulu wolandira. Kukongola ndi liveliness wa kulankhula zimadalira kwathunthu wotani zida polenga akuti luso ntchito.

Ndi kuyerekezera epithet

Epithet - kugwiritsa ntchito kapena Kuwonjezera mu Greek. Marks zofunika Mbali yofunika lembali ntchito mphako tanthauzo, zochokera poyerekeza zobisika. Nthawi zambiri adjective izi: wakuda wozingwa m'mawa sedoe, etc., koma kungakhale epithet nauni, adverb, participle, puronauni, ndipo mbali ina ya kulankhula. Mukhoza kugawa achipongwe ntchito chinenero wamba, dziko ndakatulo ndi munthu maumwini njira akuti luso. Zitsanzo za mitundu yonse atatu: a imfa chete, chabwino mnyamata lopotana madzulo. Akhoza kugawidwa mosiyana - wophiphiritsa limaonetseratu: mu nkhungu buluu, usiku misala. Koma aliyense magawano, ndithudi, makonzedwe kwambiri.

Yerekezerani - tikayerekezera yemweyo chodabwitsa, lingaliro kapena chinthu ndi mzake. Osati kusokonezedwa ndi fanizo komwe mayina mosinthana poyerekeza ayenera otchulidwa zonse za chinthu, chikhumbo, kanthu, etc. Mwachitsanzo: a chowala ngati chammwamba a. Inu mukhoza kufanizira m'njira zosiyanasiyana.

• Zoimbidwa (unyamata Nightingale anaulukira);
• poyerekeza adjective kapena adverb (wobiriwira nyanja diso);
• mabungwe ngati, monga ngati, etc. (Monga ziweto squeaked khomo);
• mawu ngati, monga, etc. (Maso ako akunga ngati awiri chifunga);
• Akumakambirananso poyerekeza (golide masamba anasambira mu dziwe, ngati gulu la agulugufe zouluka pa nyenyezi).

kufananitsa Mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu wowerengeka ndakatulo: Iyi kavalo ... andakatulo pamwamba zambiri kumanga buku mwachilungamo yaikulu ya ntchito, ntchito limodzi ndi njira akuti luso. Mu mabuku, zapamwamba Tingaone Mwachitsanzo, mu ndakatulo Koltsov, Tiutchev, kumpoto, prose Gogol a, Prishvina ndi ena ambiri. Icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Izi mwina kwambiri anafuna-pambuyo njira akuti luso. Mu mabuku, ndi ponseponse. Komanso, ali sayansi ndi olengeza, ndi kulankhula mawu ndi khama chomwecho ndi kupambana.

Fanizo ndi mwini

M'njira kwambiri ankagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti luso mabuku - mophiphiritsira kuti akutanthauza Greek - kutengerapo. Mawu kapena chiganizo ntchito mophiphiritsa. Maziko apa ndi kufanana mtheradi wa zinthu, zochitika, zochita, etc. Mosiyana kufananitsa otsimikiza kwambiri yaying'ono. Izo kumabweretsa, pokhala poyerekeza ndi zina. Kufanana molungama pa mawonekedwe, mtundu, voliyumu, kopita mtima, etc. (A kaleidoscope zochitika, mphamvu ya chikondi, nyanja ya zilembo, ndi zakuya ndakatulo). Mafanizo akhoza kugawidwa mu wamba (chinenero) ndi luso: manja golide ndi nyenyezi diamondi kukayikitsanso). Tsiku ndi tsiku kale ndi mafanizo sayansi: una ozoni, mphepo dzuwa, etc. Kupambana kwa wolankhulayo ndi woyambitsa lemba amadalira zimene zikutanthauza mawu akuti luso ntchito.

Mtundu wa njira, ofanana ndi fanizo - chimake, pamene zizindikiro za ayi ndi kunditumiza ku zinthu, mfundo kapena zochitika za chilengedwe: anagona tulo chifunga, m'dzinja tsiku anafika poipa kwambiri ndipo chimatha - umunthu wa zochitika zachilengedwe zimachitika kawirikawiri kwambiri, kupatula nthawi zambiri limakambidwanso ngati dziko la zinthu - onani Ann. "The zeze ndi kugwada," Mayakovsky "Mtambo mu thalauza", Mamin-Siberia ndi "zabwino-chikhalidwe ndi wochezeka nkhope kunyumba" ndi zina zambiri. Ngakhale tsiku ndi tsiku tilibe zindikirani zidole: chipangizo akuti mankhwala mpweya, chuma wayamba kusuntha, etc. N'zokayikitsa kuti pali njira zabwino za njira akuti luso, kalankhulidwe penti zambiri zokongola kuposa chimake cha.

Metonymy ndi synecdoche

Mu metonymy Greek zikutanthauza renaming, ndiko kuti, dzinali inasamutsidwa kuchoka ku chinthu angatsutse kuti, kumene m'munsi - contiguity. decorates kwambiri owerenga ntchito njira akuti luso, makamaka monga metonymy. Communication pa mfundo za adjacency kungakhale zotsatirazi:

• okhutira ndi okhutira: kudya mbale atatu;
• Olemba ndi ntchito: ankawazazira Homer;
• kanthu ndi chida chake: wathedwa malupanga ndi moto;
• chinthu ndi nkhani zakuthupi: pa golide kudya;
• malo ndi zisudzo: phokoso mzinda.

Metonimija njira Kugwirizana kwa mawu Luso akuti, ndi kunachititsa momveka, molondola, zithunzi, kumva, palibe epithet conciseness. Modziwa ntchito, ndi alembi, ndi publicists, ndi wodzazidwa ndi mawu colloquial amayendedwe onse a moyo.

Nayenso ngati metonymy - ndi synecdoche, mu Greek - malumikizanidwe, nayenso, zochokera m'malo tanthauzo la chodabwitsa wina tanthauzo lina, koma mfundo imodzi yokha - ubale kachulukidwe pakati pa zochitika kapena zinthu. Manga akhoza kukhala motere:

• kochepa kwa akuluakulu (thereto ntchentche mbalame, nyalugwe sindikuyankhula; kumwa galasi);
• mbali ya lonse (ndevu, kuti chete? Moscow ali osayenerera ziletso).

Mofotokozera kapena tinene m'mawu

Kufotokozera kapena ofotokoza chiganizo Greek - nayenso amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa mawu kapena osakaniza mawu - ndemanga wamba. Mwachitsanzo, Pushkin analemba "chilengedwe Petulo", ndipo aliyense amadziwa kuti ankanena St. Petersburg. Kumatithandiza kuti tinene izi:

• kuzindikira mbali yaikulu ya chinthu, amene tikuimira;
• kupewa kubwereza (tautology);
• bwino kupenda akuonetsedwa;
• kuwonjezera mawu chapamwamba pathos, pathos.

Mabuku ofotokozera impermissible yekha mu malonda ndi mwamawonekedwe kalembedwe, koma mwinamwake pali zambiri. M'mawu colloquial zambiri coexists ndi Izitu n'zovutitsa, merging pamodzi njira awiriwa akuti luso. Chirasha limayenda ndi confluence a tropes osiyana.

Okokomeza ndi litotes

Wophiphiritsa akuti ndi kukokomeza kwambiri kunena kapena chinthu makhalidwe zochita, kapena zochitika - izi ndi okokomeza (Greek likumasuliridwa kusinjirira). Litotes - M'malo mwake, ndi ayi.

Malingaliro ndi zaikidwa ndi mawonekedwe zachilendo, wowala maganizo mitundu, yonena ziyenera. Makamaka bwino kuthandiza kulenga zithunzi zimaseketsa. Ntchito ya utolankhani monga njira yofunika kwambiri ya akuti luso. Mu mabuku popanda tropes izi, sindingathe kuchita: osowa mbalame Gogol adzauluka okha pakati pa Dnieper; ting'onoting'ono ladybug Krylov ndipo ngati kwambiri pafupifupi ntchito iliyonse ya wolemba aliyense.

Izitu n'zovutitsa ndi amvekere

Mu Greek mawu awa amatanthauza zachinyengo mogwirizana ndi ntchito njira ya. Kodi njira akuti luso ndi zofunika kunyozedwa? Statement ayenera kukhala zosiyana ndi tanthauzo lake anafuna pamene ali ziyenera zabwino Wobisa mnyozo: wochenjera mutu - pamtima bulu mu nthano Krylov chitsanzo. "Unsinkable ngwazi" - pa Izitu n'zovutitsa ntchito mu chimango cha utolankhani, nthawi zambiri kuika zizindikiro ogwidwawo kapena m'mabokosi. Zida polenga akuti luso si kuutsiriza izo. Komatu kwambiri. - kukwiya, wachipongwe - kaŵirikaŵiri ntchito amvekere: kusiyana maganizo ndipo anasonyeza, komanso padzuwa dala sizikhala choncho. Wopanda chifundo, wosasamalira lakuthwa - cholembedwa wake: I zambiri kukanganira za kukoma ya nkhono ndi kokonati ndi okhawo amene anadya iwo (Zhvanetskiy). Aligorivimu Monyoza ndi unyolo zochita: chodabwitsa zoipa zilizonse mkwiyo ndi kuipidwa, ndiye pakubwera anachita - mlingo lotsiriza la omasukirana maganizo: nkhumba zonenepa zoopsa njala mimbulu. Komabe, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mawu onyoza ngati wanzeru ngati n'kotheka. Ndipo si kawirikawiri, ngati wolemba si katswiri satirist. Media amvekere zambiri amadziona anzeru kuposa ena. Komabe, palibe satirist ndi sizinayende kuti linanena bungwe chikondi. Iye ndi maonekedwe ake nthawi zonse zimadalira zimene zikutanthauza mawu akuti luso ntchito mumayesto malemba. Monyoza - chida devastatingly wamphamvu.

njira Non-mosungika chinenero mawu

Perekani kulankhula subtlest mokoma maganizo ndi mawu thandizo n'chimodzimodzi. Mwachitsanzo, mungathe kugwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "mtundu" m'malo mwa "athamangadi" mphamvu zambiri limaonetseratu. Ndipo osati kwa iye:

• angalongosolere lingaliro ndi kulanda mithunzi abwino tanthauzo;
• kufufuza kulingalira chiŵerengero ndi kukopera;
• kwambiri kuwonjezeka akuti;
• kwambiri Kuwulura fano.

Ndi njira yabwino mawu akuti alinso ndi otsutsana nawo. Iwo kumveketsa lingaliro, akuimba osiyanitsa kotheratu zimaonetsa imodzi kapena chodabwitsa china: pepala glossy kwa yobwezeretsanso chigumula ndi zopeka lodalirika - mtsinje. Kuyambira otsutsana izo zimachitika ambiri anafuna kuvomereza makalata - ndi otsutsana.

olemba ochuluka, ndipo monga onani-manjenje wokonzeka kusewera ndi mawu, imodzimodzi mu phokoso ndipo ngakhale kulemba, koma ndi matanthauzo ena: munthu lolimba ndiponso kuziziritsa kuwira madzi ndi banki phompho; ufa ndi flours; Atatu zolemba ndi atatu malo mosamala. Ndipo anecdote: Mvetserani mabwana? Kuti kwenikweni, zikomo ... ndi zipolopolo. Iwo homonyms, homographs, ndi homophones.

Mawu ofanana mu kalembedwe ndi mawu, koma ndi matanthauzo osiyana kotheratu, inunso kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati puns ndipo ndi okwanira mphamvu limaonetseratu ndi ntchito aluso. History - chipwirikiti; Maitre - millimeter, etc.

Tikumbukenso kuti awa si njira yaikulu ya akuti luso, monga ofanana matanthauzo, otsutsana ndi homonyms paronyms, nduna ndi kalembedwe malonda sizigwiritsidwa ntchito.

okuluwika

Apo ayi - okuluwika amene ndi wokonzeka phraseology mawu, nayenso, anawonjezera wokamba kapena wolemba momveka bwino. zithunzi m'nthano, mkulu kapena kulankhula limaonetseratu kuwunika - zabwino kapena zoipa (yaing'ono mwachangu ndi wa m'diso la pakhosi lather ndi lupanga Damocles) - zonsezi kumalimbitsa ndi decorates lemba momveka bwino zosangalatsa. Salt wa phraseology - gulu wapadera - aphorisms. malingaliro akuya mu buku lalifupi. Saiwalika. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso njira zina akuti, mu mutu zolembalemba. Izi iwonso monga miyambi, ndi mawu.