Malo masiku ano mu dongosolo la dziko organic

Asayansi kuitana Anthropology kuyambira kumayambiriro ake m'njira Africa East oyamba makolo (za 1.7 miliyoni zapitazo) masiku ano, komanso kuyesa kudziwa malo munthu mu dongosolo organic dziko. Chifukwa cha kuphunzira uku kunali chilengedwe cha gulu lonse la amalanga sayansi: Anthropology, Social Psychology, socionics, amene amanditenga munthu chinthu dziko nyama, muzikumbukira kuti ndi wapadera kwambiri kukhala ndi chibadidwe cha uzimu. M'nkhaniyi, ife funso, malo a munthu dongosolo organic ya dziko lapansi chifukwa cha duality ake ndi kuphatikiza ndi maonekedwe a chikhalidwe thupi ndiponso zobisika.

The taxonomic udindo wa sapiens Homo

anthu onse moyo moyo padziko lathuli, udindo bwino akufotokozera dongosolo gulu la chikhalidwe. Tiyeni tione malo a munthu mu dongosolo organic dziko.

Ufumu - ndi lalikulu mwadongosolo gulu. Njirayi imatchedwa moyo. Ndiyeno taxon ngati ankalamulira (superkingdom). Moyo awiri superkingdom: prokaryotes ndi eukaryotes. Munthu akulowa ulamuliro wa eukaryotes (zamoyo nyukiliya). Pamakhala nyama, mtundu wa Chordates, nyama kalasi infraclass Placental, anyani, ndi hominid banja, mtundu Anthu mtundu wa Homo sapiens. anthu onse moyo, m'gulu pamwamba mayunitsi taxonomic, kupanga akonzedwa anaitana anthu.

Kodi kutsimikizira chiyambi nyama ya munthu

Research wochitidwa ndi asayansi ndi taxonomists apeza zimatsimikizira kuti munthu mu dongosolo organic dziko - gulu la nyama zomwe zikuphatikizapo nyama ngati taxa monga amphaka, agalu Mileme, makoswe, Artiodactyla, etc. Ngakhale kusiyana kunja .. kapangidwe, onse oimira nyama placental, womwenso anthu, pali wamba makhalidwe anatomical ndi thupi. Zina 4-chipinda mtima, makope awiri, otentha bloodedness. Angamulambirire a dongosolo la kutsogolo ndi kunsana miyendo, komanso malamba awo nyama zonse taxon uyu akufanana ndi thunthu la munthu. Mwachitsanzo, nthambi chapamwamba nyama zonse imakhala phewa, ndi ulna ndi utali wozungulira ndi mafupa carpal, metacarpal ndi phalanges.

Mokwanira ofanana anthu ndi placental zolengedwa zoyamwitsa kagayidwe kachakudya anachita. Mwachitsanzo, pogawanikana pamawere mankhwala organic ndi zochita za michere m'mimba, zoyendera mpweya ndi maselo ofiira, mapangidwe asidi uric monga ntchito kumapeto mankhwala dongosolo excretory. Kodi njira wamba neuro-humoral lamulo la moyo. Izi zikugwirizana ndi mfundo yakuti munthu mu dongosolo organic wa dziko umakhudza ndi inakhala m'gulu la nyama kalasi.

umboni Embryological nyama chikhalidwe cha munthu

Zotsatira osati munda wa thunthu ndi Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti tili ndi magwero ofanana ndi nyama zakutchire. umboni kwambiri mfundo imeneyi ndi maphunziro m'munda wa embryology, kuphunzira embryonic chitukuko cha inakhala, ku nsomba kalasi superclass nyama. lamulo Biogenetic anakonza ndi Haeckel ndi F. Müller, limodzi ndi chitukuko mbiri ya mtundu uliwonse wa zamoyo ndi ontogeny limodzi la munthu. Onse nyama peresenti, kuphatikizapo anthu, umachitika mu embryogenesis wa siteji dzira, wosanjikiza umodzi wa mwana wosabadwayo ndi - blastula Ndisanaumbidwe ndi iwiri wosanjikiza ongokhala ectoderm ndi endoderm - gastrula.

Mu magawo oyambirira chitukuko mosachotsera chordate mazira ndi slits gill, mchira ndi mawonekedwe ofanana thupi. Zimenezi zimapereka umboni wakuti munthu dongosolo organic wa dziko ili pafupi nyama. Komanso, asayansi ambiri akukhulupirira kuti inakhala onse m'dziko zinasinthika kuchokera ku mitundu makolo wamba.

Zoyamba ndi atavism

Ndi amalanga monga thunthu poyerekeza, chimatanthauza malo munthu mu dongosolo organic a dziko, monga Kapangidwe ka thupi ndi munthu ziwalo mu nyama mukhoza kuona kugwirizana bwino. Mwachitsanzo, zakumapeto - ndi rudiment, kutsimikizira kuti makolo wamba kuti tinali akalumikidzidwa zamiyendo Inayi nyama. Ndipo ngakhale anataya kufunika kwake ku chimbudzi munthu akupitiriza kuchita mbali yofunika kwambiri ya kuwonongedwa kwa mapadi ndi zina zokhala-hoofed nyama herbivores. mbali iyi monga chikope lachitatu, sachita ntchito mu thupi la view, umagwira ntchito yotamandika mu kalasi zapoizoni inakhala monga njoka.

Ndi achikalekale mu minofu anthu makutu, kotero pinna pafupifupi immobile. Koma mu dongosolo Carnivora, gulu minofu ndi bwino anakamba, kuwapatsa chisamaliro ndi lathu mu chilengedwe.

Atavism: kuoneka mchira, multimammate, kukula wochuluka tsitsi pa nkhope ndi ziwalo zina za thupi - akusonyeza malo a munthu dongosolo la organic view dziko cha chiyambi chake nyama.

mbali anatomical kugwirizana ndi bipedalism

ofukula kaimidwe chodabwitsa kwachititsa kuti zikamera mbali zina mwa dongosolo anatomical m'thupi la munthu. Mwachitsanzo, S woboola pakati msana mawonekedwe, amene kumawonjezera kusinthasintha ndi kumafeŵetsa nkhonyayo ndi kugwedeza kuyenda ndi kuthamanga, cupped mawonekedwe a mafupa a chiuno, amene nyumba ziwalo, makamaka kapangidwe ka phazi - izo waika kuti amapereka cushioning ndi kuwateteza miyendo m'munsi poyenda. mbali zonsezi wapadera kwa anthu ndi sapezeka mitundu iliyonse ya nyama. Izi zikusonyeza malo apadera mu dongosolo ano dziko anthu organic umene umawalekanitsa iwo ku ziwalo zina za nyama.

Social zinthu zamoyo zinangokhalako zokha anthu

Bipedalism wachita yofunika kwambiri mu kukula kwa munthuyo anthu. Upper nthambi - dzanja - anamasulidwa ku ntchito za gululi ndipo anayamba ntchito kuchita wosakhwima ndi zovuta ntchito: makalata kanthu ntchito, kusewera zoimbira, etc. Luso kuchotsa ndi ntchito moto monga chitetezo, ndipo ntchito yokonza chakudya thermally kukonzedwa kwathunthu .. ilo linagawanika mamembala a mitundu Homo sapiens ndi nyama ina, ndipo limadziwika munthu imachita dongosolo organic dziko.

Kukula kwa maganizo ndi malankhulidwe

Kugwiritsa ntchito zida yokumba ndi moyo m'madera wosazindikira zachititsa mapangidwe dongosolo qualitatively osiyana ma siginalo, amene isiyana "chilankhulo nyama". Vuto interneural ojambula lamanzere Chigawo ndi mazunzo Lobe (m'dera Wernicke ndi Broca) anapereka kutsegula m'madera omvetsetsa ndi galimoto luso la kulankhula. Kukwanitsa zovuta ntchito maganizo: kusanthula kaphatikizidwe, abstraction - chifukwa cha kusanduka anthu - anthropogenesis. Kunadzetsa mapangidwe ano kwachilengedwenso mitundu sapiens Homo.

kusanduka anthu ndi chikhalidwe wapawiri wa munthu

Kukhala mbali ya chikhalidwe ndipo akudikila chitukuko zinachokera anthu onse, komanso kuti munthu aliyense ndi chinyezimiro ubale wake usathe amene apanga chifukwa cha mbiri yakale, chipembedzo ndiponso chikhalidwe cha makhalidwe a anthu osiyana anthu. Izi chilango sayansi monga sociobiology, amene makamaka buku la chibadwa Chaanthu, zamoyo, maganizo, kuyesera yolumikizana mu ziphunzitso lonse la kusankha zamoyo, zinthu zachilengedwe, ndi chododometsa mwangwiro anthu monga okoma ndi chikhalidwe. Iwo kawirikawiri mayankho anthu khalidwe ndi chifukwa kusiyana kwake kwakukulu ku bongo ndipo achibadwidwe nyama.

Umunthu ndi chitsanzo ake ochezera

Mwachikulu mumayesto udindo wa chigawo zamoyo kusanduka anthu, komanso chifukwa cha kugwirizana kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mfundo zonse pamwamba kutsimikizira kuti mitundu Homo sapiens lonse anthropogenesis anapanga pansi pa lamulo la chitukuko la anthu amene ankaphunzira Chaanthu, sayansi chikhalidwe, zamaganizo . ubwenzi wa anthu ndi dziko cinyama kuwaona bwino sayansi monga zamoyo. Ikani munthu dongosolo organic a dziko ndi wapadera, chifukwa iye ali wolengedwa wapawiri.

Tikutero chifukwa zonse za ziphunzitso kudziwika wauzimu ndi nzeru zaumunthu kuti chikanachitika mu Babulo wakale, Greece ndi Ufumu wa Chiroma. Iwo asandulike anatuluka monga malingaliro a Zipembedzo lalikulu Chiyuda, Chikhristu, Chisilamu ndi Chibuda. The malo waukulu wa chitukuko dziko adanyamuka pa maziko ubale umoyo ndi zachuma. Chifukwa cha iwo, anali ndi kupangidwa mwapadera moyo Padziko Lapansi, wotchedwa anthu.