Njira yamakono-communal ndi makhalidwe ake

Chimodzi mwa magawo oyambirira a chitukuko chaumunthu ndi njira yoyamba yamagulu. Iyi ndiyo nthawi yaitali kwambiri ya mbiriyakale, yomwe inatha zaka pafupifupi 650,000. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa anthu achikulire kunali osagwirizana. Poyamba iwo ankakhala mbali ina ya Africa, South Asia ndi kum'mwera kwa Ulaya. Kenaka anthu anayamba kutenga gawo lina la Dziko lapansi. Machitidwe oyambirira a communal ndi gawo lofunikira la chitukuko cha anthu.

Panthawi ya anthu omwe anali achikulire, nyengo inali yotentha komanso yocheperapo. Zomera zomwe zinali padziko lapansi zinali zosiyana ndi zolemera kwambiri. Anthu amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Anasonkhanitsa zipatso, kuchita masewera, kufufuza mizu ya zomera, zoyenera kudya. Chakudya cha anthu panthawiyi sichitha kutchedwa nthawi zonse. Kuchokera kwa chakudya kunadalira pa ngozi ndipo nthawi zonse kunkayenda ndi ngozi ndi ngozi.

Sizinali zotheka kupeza chakudya, kotero anthu nthawi zambiri ankafa ndi njala. Kwazinthu zina zonse, zidzukulu zinali zoopsa kwambiri kwa iwo.

Munthu ndi munthu wokwanira. Choncho, anthu anayamba kupanga zipangizo ndi zipangizo zomwe zinawathandiza kusaka nyama, kupeza chakudya ndikukhala moyo wosavuta. Poyamba iwo anali zipangizo zakale zopangidwa ndi miyala kapena matabwa.

Makhalidwe a anthu akale sadzakhala angwiro, osatchula kuti panthawi imeneyi anthu adziŵa moto. Iwo ankawona zochitika zachirengedwe (mphezi, kuphulika kwa mapiri) ndi kusunga moto womwe unkawonekera pa nkhaniyi. Komabe, nthawi yambiri idadutsa anthu asanaphunzire momwe angapangire moto pawokha. Pakubwera kwa moto anthu akhoza kuphika chakudya, kudziwotha kapena kuwopseza nyama.

Machitidwe oyambirira a communal awonetsa kale mapangidwe a mapangidwe a anthu. Anthu adakhazikika m'magulu. Pokhapokha, palibe aliyense wa iwo amene akanapulumuka. Anapangidwanso chakudya ndikupanga ntchito yaikulu yonse. Izi zinawonjezeka bwino, luso lowonjezeka ndipo, motero, zinapangitsa kuti akhale ndi moyo wabwino.

Kulankhulana wina ndi mnzake kunachititsa kuti pakhale chitukuko. Chifukwa chofala chimakakamiza anthu kukambirana pakati pawo ndikugawana zomwe akumana nazo. Kulankhula kunalimbikitsa ntchito yopindulitsa kwambiri ndipo inali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa anthu ndi nyama.

Ndondomeko yoyamba ya communal sinadziwe kupatulidwa ku maphunziro, mayiko ndi mayiko. Anthu anadutsa pamsankhulidwe wa luso la pulayimale, kulankhula ndi kulingalira. Nthawi imeneyi inatha zaka pafupifupi 400,000. Kukula kunkachitika pang'onopang'ono, koma nthawi zonse. Zida za ntchito zinali bwino, ndipo ndizo luso la anthu. Magulu opangidwa pang'onopang'ono. Pamodzi ndi anthu, chikhalidwe chapafupi chinasintha, chomwe chinakhudza njira yawo ya moyo. Zitha kunenedwa kuti ntchito inalenga munthu.

Pang'onopang'ono panabuka gulu lachibale. Komabe, izo zinaletsedwa kukwatira mu banja. Kotero panalifunika kuyanjana ndi midzi ina ya mafuko.

Kukhala ndi nthaka, zipangizo ndi zinthu zomwe zinalengedwa chifukwa cha ntchitoyi zinali zachilendo. Machitidwe oyambirira a communal amadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa maukwati. Mkazi wamkazi anali mtsogoleri wa banja.

Ngakhale kuti anthu sanakhazikitsidwe, anali ndi miyambo yawo ndi makhalidwe ena. Makamaka ndizotheka kuthetsa miyambo ndi zoletsedwa, mosasamala kanthu.

Luso la anthu achikunja ndilozithunzi zojambula. Ambiri a iwo anapezeka ku Western Europe. Zisonyezero izi zikuwonetsa zochitika zoyambirira za munthu zokhudza dziko lozungulira iye, moyo wa anthu achikulire ndi njira yawo ya moyo. Ambiri a iwo amagwirizana ndi zikhulupiriro zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe ndi zochitika zina. Koma ndi omwe adatipatsa chidziwitso chokwanira cha nthawi iyi ya chitukuko cha anthu. Kuwonekera kwa luso kunasanduka gawo latsopano mu dongosolo loyambirira la communal, lomwe linapangitsa moyo wa anthu kukhala wogwirizana komanso wokonzeka.