Periodization wa mbiri

Periodization ya mbiri ya dziko lapansi ndi ya mitundu yambiri. Pali kugawinikana wamba, ozikidwa pa mitundu yonse ya dziko - uwu umatchedwa periodization zachikhalidwe. Ndi kusiyanitsa nthaŵi: mbiri isanayambe, wakale, akale, oyambirira Masiku ano, masiku ano ndi amakono.

Prehistory anayitana nthawi wosazindikira, kuphunzira mbiri zomwe ndi zovuta chifukwa chosowa magwero olembedwa. kufufuza kulikonse zochokera zakale anapeza kuti ofukula pa zofukulidwa kuwulula. Thandizeni kufufuza nthawi imeneyi sayansi ngati ofanana monga ethnology, zamoyo, paleontology, nthaka, palynology, Anthropology ndi archaeoastronomy. Choncho anatchedwa nthawi m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, pamene chidwi kuphunzira mbiri kwa mlingo akatswiri ndi kugonjetsa amateurism mbiri. Mfundo, mawu akhoza ntchito utali uliwonse wa nthaŵi imene panalibe kulemba. The sangathe wa zimenezi ndi kukhazikitsa mfundo yolekanitsa mu kulemba pamaoneka anthu osiyanasiyana panthawi zosiyanasiyana, choncho palibe mapeto logwirizana la nthawi ino.

Periodization zazikulu za mbiri pambuyo chitukuko cha kulemba ndi imodzi ambiri lachinsinsi la nthawi zambiri kuberekana - yakale yoyendera. Nthawi zambiri kuzindikiridwa ndi mbiri ya Greece ndi Rome, koma chiyambi cha nthawi ankaona kuti chiyambi cha Minoan ndi chitukuko Mycenaean. Iwo anali pa nthawi ino, pali dziko loyamba, pali ojambula zachuma ndi mgwirizano wa mayiko, monga East wakale. kulemba amapezeka. Mu dera chikhalidwe Tingaone mwayi ubale mafuko, chiyambi cha processing zitsulo ndi kugwirizana ndi kukula mofulumira zamanja. Nthawiyi amakhala ngati nthawi yomanga nyumba zachifumu yapamwamba ndi maofesi lonse. Periodization mbiri ya nthawi zakale umatha ndi kugwa kwa Ufumu wa Roma.

Ages Middle kuyamba kuyambira kugwa kwa Ufumu wa Roma. Nthawiyi poyamba yodziwika ndi kotsimikizika kuchepa timakhala, anthu chuma. Panthawi imeneyi, zakulitsa kuukira osatukuka a zipolowe pa boma wofooka, zomwe zinachititsa kuti kugwa kwa Rome mu 410. Kenako, mwina kudziŵika zochitika otchuka monga kusamuka lalikulu la anthu, franc maphunziro States, Scandinavia, Moravia ndi Kievan Lazaro, Portugal ndi Spain, Ufumu wa Byzantium. Pakuti nthawi kuchokera khumi mpaka cha m'ma cinai amakhala ndi pang'onopang'ono boma mavuto Wachifulanki, mapangidwe wotsatira wa Germany ndi France. Zikamera wa Poland ndi Grand Duchy la Lithuania.

Oyambirira masiku ano - nthawi chosatha kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu mochedwa pakati pa chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri cha. Panthawi imeneyi, bizinesi ndi akutulukira, ngakhale dongosolo akadali zofala ang'onoang'ono. Pa nthawi yomweyo pakhala ambiri atulukira Hrs, patsogolo luso, kukula kwa ntchito zamalonda ndi mafakitale, kusintha kwa maganizo a dziko, dongosolo la dziko.

Periodization mbiri ya Zapakati pambuyo polingalira nthawi watsopano, amene ankaona kuti mapeto a First World nkhondo. Panthawi imeneyi, pakhala kusintha kwakukulu anayamba zosiyanasiyana sayansi m'mayiko ena anafika absolutism mavuto, anakhazikitsa demokarase aphungu.

Masiku ano akuyamba ndi mapeto a First World nkhondo. mbali zapadera nthawi imeneyi - Wachiwiri World nkhondo, zoyambitsidwa luso, maphunziro, mabungwe mtendere, mgwirizano padziko lonse, chitukuko ubale zamtendere pa mlingo lonse.

Pa oimira yemweyo nthawi ya chiphunzitso Marxist anayamba periodization osiyana a mbiri, zochokera akafuna kupanga. Mu Soviet Union, izo kwambiri lowonjezera ndi azambiriyakale, choncho anatchedwa periodization ya Soviet. Malinga periodization ichi, pali wosazindikira nthawi, ukapolo, feudalism, bizinesi ndi chikominisi.

mtundu wina wa periodization, otchedwa "planar" lagona pa chitukuko cha mayiko munthu Mwachitsanzo, pali periodization mbiri ya Russia, etc. Mu nthawi iliyonse, anatsindika zimenezi ofunikira mbiri ya dziko lino.