Ntchito luso - ndichiyani? Ku Tirhana na Timatheriyali ndi mitundu yake

Ku Tirhana na Timatheriyali - mbali yaikulu ya luso kuphimba muzochitika zosiyanasiyana za ntchito luso lolunjika pa kulenga mankhwala chilengedwe yothandiza. Zokongoletsa mlingo wa mankhwala amenewa nthawi zambiri si mkulu. Onse akuti Chili mitundu iwiri zaluso - zamanja ndi yokongola. Woyamba ali mbali ya Mavalidwewa, wachiwiri cholinga kukongoletsa malo anthu.

Zilandiridwenso ndi zofunikira

Ntchito luso - ndichiyani? Choyamba, ndi zinthu amene makhalidwe ali pafupi kalembedwe zojambulajambula, ndi cholinga chawo osiyanasiyana ndithu. Miphika, mitsuko, mbale kapena akanema china chabwino, komanso mankhwala ena ambiri kukongoletsa chipinda, khitchini, chogona ndi zipinda ana. Ena zinthu zingakhale zosemasema pachiyambi, ndipo ngakhale limabweretsa gulu zaluso ntchito.

Chithunzi yotakata ntchito

Ntchito luso - ndichiyani ku mawonedwe a mbuye? Yolemetsa kulenga ndondomeko, kapena zamanja yosavuta zopangwidwa kuchokera ku zipangizo ku dzanja? Ndithudi, ilo liri mogometsa, woyenera kutamandidwa Mwambamwamba. Yothandiza cholinga mankhwala si angasokoneze walakwitsa. Ku Tirhana na Timatheriyali - osiyanasiyana ntchito kwa amisiri ndi Osema, okonza ndi stylists. Makamaka amtengo ntchito yekha luso analengedwa kukopera umodzi. Pa nthawi yomweyo, mankhwala chopangidwa mu mndandanda, ndi pachikhalidwe alendo.

Zokongoletsa m'nyumba

Ku Tirhana na Timatheriyali - icho chiri, ngati timaona ngati mbali ya zokongoletsa kudzazidwa panyumba? Tikhoza kunena motsimikiza kuti mankhwala onse ndi akutsutsa mozungulira, kusonyeza zokonda za anthu amene ali umakhala pafupi ndi iwo, monga munthu ayesera anazungulira okha ndi zinthu zokongola. Ku Tirhana na Timatheriyali amapereka mwayi azikongoletsa danga nyumba, ofesi, dera zosangalatsa. chidwi linaperekedwa kwa kamangidwe ka zida ana.

Ndipo, potsiriza, ntchito luso - ndichiyani kumvetsetsa anthu a? chionetserochi, zisudzo, fairs ndi zambiri zochitika zina anthu, amagwira chikhalidwe. Zabwino Tirhana na Timatheriyali zilandiridwenso kumawonjezera mlingo wa chitukuko anthu, amalimbikitsa mapangidwe kukoma kwake zokongoletsa. Komanso, kupenda zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho chimafikira maganizo wonse. Aliyense chionetsero cha luso Akutsatira - kumudziŵa bwino ndi anthu ambiri zomwe latsopano m'munda wa chilengedwe luso. Zinthu zimenezi ndi zofunika makamaka mu kuphunzitsa achinyamata.

A mbiri pang'ono

Folk Tirhana na Timatheriyali anayambitsa m'midzi Russian. Ena yosavuta zamanja kunyumba wamkulu mbuye amisiri zambiri wachinsinsi monga mankhwala mu gulu "Ku Tirhana na Timatheriyali". Chitsanzo chabwino cha kalembedwe wowerengeka ndi wotchedwa Dymkovo chidole - cockerels akuda, kanjedza, zokongoletsa dongo wofiira.

Kuwedza mizu m'mbuyomu, iye anali zaka zoposa zinayi. Panali wakale wowerengeka luso zinthu chifukwa tchuthi dziko "Whistler", pamene lonse wamkazi anthu lepilo dongo malikhweru lero mu mawonekedwe a nkhuku, nkhosa ndi akavalo. Chikondwerero unatenga masiku awiri.

M'kupita kwa nthawi, chikondwerero wataya tanthauzo lake, ndi wowerengeka-ntchito luso anapitiriza kukhala. Panopa Dymkovo luso mankhwala zimafala kucheza kupanga "Vyatka chidole". Zamgululi kale yokutidwa ndi amabisa ndi kujambula kuwala, mitundu wolemera.

Graphic-Tirhana na Timatheriyali

Zamgululi luso dziko mu maonekedwe ake apachiyambi, monga ulamuliro, ndi maziko a ntchito zamalonda. otchulidwa Fairy-nthano anausankha okhala m'midzi Russian, anasonyeza mu mabokosi wotchuka Palekh, Zhostovo trays, matabwa Kokhloma mankhwala. Ntchito luso la Russia m'njira zambiri, m'dera lililonse chidwi chake zopangidwa ndi ambuye Russia kufunika kwambiri ndi okhometsa yachilendo.

"Kuuza amalenga kotunga" - mawuwa sakanakhoza kukhala bwino amasonyeza zinthu m'munda wa luso wowerengeka ndi zamanja wa Russia. Mwachitsanzo, luso ntchito mu gzhel kalembedwe wotchuka padziko lonse kwa zaka zambiri. Wotchuka buluu ndi zoyera Miphika, mbale, tiyi ndi khofi waika mubakakhala m'nyumba iliyonse toyesa wofunika kwambiri ndi kunyada kwa okhometsa. Adakali bwinobwino zimene luso Akutsatira - ntchito, luso, kapena zaluso zilandiridwenso. Ndipotu, wachina chilichonse kumafuna ena khama kulenga, ndipo pamene m'pofunika kupereka chithunzi cha mtengo luso.

Ku Tirhana na Timatheriyali ku nazale

Nthawi zina, anthu luso akhoza anatembenukira kwa achinyamata. Zopindulitsa ndi mankhwala opangidwa ndi manja ana. Immediacy achilendo kwa anyamata ndi atsikana a msinkhu chisanadze sukulu, zilizonse zongopeka wothira kufunitsitsa kuti afotokoze maganizo awo kuya kuuka kwa katswiri. Kids Tirhana na Timatheriyali umaimiridwa ndi zojambula, plasticine mafano, makatoni kanjedza anthu - ndiye weniweni luso zilandiridwenso. Masiku ano, pa Russia mpikisano, omwe amakhudza yaing'ono "amisiri" ndi "Osema".

Contemporary Russian Akutsatira luso

Photos, daguerreotypes, etchings, zojambula mochita kugoba, zipsera, komanso zitsanzo zina zambiri - izo ndi luso zilandiridwenso. Zamgululi akhoza kukhala osiyana kwambiri. Pankhaniyi, onse a iwo ogwirizana ndi a moyo moyo ndi chikhalidwe pansi udindo - Tirhana na Timatheriyali. Ntchito m'dera limeneli ndi inayake wowerengeka kalembedwe. Nzosadabwitsa onse Tirhana na Timatheriyali anatenga mizu yake m'chigawo Russian m'midzi. mankhwala unkagwiritsidwa homegrown kuphweka ndi pakalibe pretentiousness kuti nthawi zina amapezeka mu ntchito za luso labwino. Komabe, Folk luso msinkhu ndi mkulu mokwanira.

The Russian kukongoletsa luso ndi gawo la mphamvu chuma dziko. Mmunsimu muli mndandanda wa malangizo waukulu zaluso wowerengeka ndi ntchito zamanja, amene sanalandire kuzindikira mayiko zimagulitsidwa pa mlingo mafakitale.

1. Lac tizithunzi pa mtengo m'munsi (Paleh, Mstera, Fedoskino).
2. Zhostovo luso kupenta pa zitsulo, Limoges enamels, enamel.
3. Khokhloma, Gorodets, Mezen luso mndandanda pa mtengo.
4. Gzhel, filimonovo chidole, Dymkovo chidole - luso kupenta pa zoumbaumba.

Palekh

Palekh wowerengeka luso lojambula anaonekera pa Russian malo lotseguka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20. Luso lacquer chitsanzo anatuluka m'mudzi waung'ono wa m'chigawo Ivanovo pansi pa dzina la Palekh. Usodzi kunali kupitiriza iconographic zojambulajambula, limene inayambira akale Petrine. Kenako, Palekh ambuye nawo kupenta nyumba ya Faceted Komiti ya Moscow Kremlin, Novodevichy obisika, Matchalitchi Utatu-Sergio Lavra.

Kukwera kwa 1917 anathetsa iconography, aluso anali pantchito. Mu 1918, Palekh luso amisiri munalidi gulu analengedwa, imene utoto zamanja matabwa. Kenako amisiri anaphunzira mmene kulenga mabokosi a papier-mache ndi kujambula izo mu kalembedwe tizithunzi ntchito miyambo chizindikiro-penti luso.

Mu 1923, lacquer ankapenta anali kuperekedwa pa ulimi ndi mafakitale chionetsero Onse-Russian, amene analandira dipuloma ya digiri 2. Ndipo patapita zaka ziwiri, mabokosi Palekh ankazionetsa Paris, pa chionetsero World.

The bwino zinthu zachilendo luso wakhala zokoma kwa chilengedwe cha mabungwe "Palekh ojambula zithunzi Union" ndi "zokambirana Palekh luso" pa Fund wa USSR Art.

Fedoskino

Ndi mawu kugwirizana Russian lacquer kupenta ndi utoto mafuta ofotokoza. Usodzi anaonekera m'mudzi pafupi Moscow Fedoskino mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma 18. Chithunzi umagwiritsidwa ntchito mankhwala opangidwa ndi papier-mache, ndiyeno varnished mu zigawo zingapo.

Yambani ndinu Fedoskino ankapenta kuika Russian wamalonda PI Korobov, amene anali mu mzinda German wa Braunschweig, ndipo kuphunzira kumene sayansi kulenga wopera bisernits, mabokosi ndi zinthu zina chokongoletsedwa ndi zithunzi zokongola.

Fedoskino mafuta utoto ndi utoto njira zinayi: choyamba ndi ndondomeko kujambula ( "zamalevok") akutsatiridwa ndi phunziro mwatsatanetsatane ( "peremalovka"), ndi glaze - Mwakonza utoto ❖ kuyanika, ndondomeko yotsirizira - blikovka kupatsira zazikulu ndi mithunzi pa chithunzichi.

Fedoskinskya kujambula njira ikukhudza ntchito chimawala zigawo wosanjikiza podkrasochnogo: zojambulazo ndi golide, ufa chitsulo kapena potal. Nthawi zina, mbuye kungachititse kuti akalowa wa nacre lapansi. Transparent lessirovochnomu utoto ndi akalowa kulenga mwapadera kwambiri chowala. Utoto wosanjikiza zikutsindika wakuda maziko.

Mstera

Chotero anaitana Russian wowerengeka luso, amene anaonekera m'ma 18 atumwi Vladimir Province. Zonse zinayamba ndi "makalata zazing'ono" - zithunzi kakang'ono ndi kuona chilichonse. Pambuyo 1917, pamene sipafunika yaitali iconography, Mstera anasamukira ku mabokosi ndi papier-mache. Chithunzi umagwiritsidwa tempera utoto, wothira dzira yolks. Pofika cha m'ma 20 potsiriza anapanga luso Mstera lacquer ankapenta.

Mfundo yaikulu ya zojambula anamasuliridwa ndi adagawa madera tracings padziko mankhwala, kenako "roskrysh" mwachindunji kugwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo. Siteji yotsatira - kupenta mwatsatanetsatane. Ndipo potsiriza, "Plavi" - pa kupenta komaliza ndi blikovkoy kupanga golide anasungunuka (chabwino golide ufa). The chotsirizidwa TACHIMATA ndi varnish chimaonekera kwa zigawo zisanu ndi kuyanika wapakatikati kenako opukutidwa.

Zizindikiro khalidwe Mstiorskya kupenta - ndi pamphasa zokongoletsera, ndi sewero mochenjera mitundu ndi atatu ziwembu mtundu ntchito mitundu: achikasu ocher, ofiira ndi siliva buluu. kujambula mitu tingachipeze powerenga: nthano, zipilala mbiri, zomangamanga.

Zhostovo

Anthu nsomba Zhostovo - trays chitsulo, utoto kalembedwe wapadera. Zhostovo luso anayambitsa m'zaka za m'ma 19, ku midzi ya ku parishi ya Utatu Moscow. Anthu a m'midzi atatu (Ostashkovo, Zhostovo ndi Khlebnikovo) chinkhoswe mu kupanga nkhani anapanga utoto papier-mâché. Ndipo mu situdiyo Vishnyakov abale anayamba trays anapanga malata ndi chitsanzo zokongola.

Vishnjakova mtengo mndandanda m'gulu awiri dazeni zinthu zosiyanasiyana kuchokera zitsulo ndi papier-mâché, iwo onse utoto, chokongoletsedwa ndi mu ankafuna mkulu pa fairs, pamene Pachithunzipa ndi wakhala utoto thireyi.

Zhostovo kupenta - mutu zamaluwa Mabaibulo angapo: maluwa munda "vraskidku" korona kuluka nkhata. zomera zakutchire munamutcha zikuchokera osiyana.

Maluwa pa thireyi kuyang'ana zachilengedwe chifukwa cha kuphunzira mosamalitsa zinthu zazing'ono. The phale la mitundu ndi ntchito ya machulukitsidwe pazipita. Background ambiri wakuda, ali chokongoletsedwa ndi openwork thireyi m'mphepete moyo, masamba kapena dongosolo stylized nkhuni. Zhostovo thireyi nthawi zonse utoto pamanja ndi ntchito yekha luso.

Khokhloma

Dzina anapatsidwa ndi wowerengeka luso Russian motsatizana kumbuyo kwa zaka za m'ma 17. Khokhloma kujambula zovuta kwambiri ndi yokwera mtengo njira zonse zilipo. Luso zamanja - ndi yaitali kulenga ndondomeko kugwirizana ndi processing nkhuni, Mipikisano wosanjikiza phunziroli ndi mitundu mafuta.

Kupanga ndondomeko akuyamba ndi Kokhloma preforms kupanga. Choyamba, mbuye kumenya likundikanikizira, mwachitsanzo kolyat nkhwangwa midadada matabwa. Ndiye workpiece ndi machined ku kukula anakhumba ndi mawonekedwe. Kukonzedwa workpiece amatchedwa "nsalu". Pambuyo akupera malaya awo ndi wapadera madzi dongo ndi zouma. Ndiye kale primed akusowekapo TACHIMATA ndi zigawo zingapo za mafuta linseed ndi wapakatikati kuyanika. Pamakhala malata plating kapena akusisita padziko ufa zotayidwa, kenako mankhwala limakhala loyera-specular mtundu. Apa ndi kukonzekera kupenta.

mitundu yaikulu Khokhloma - ndi wakuda ndi wofiira (wakuda ndi cinnabar), wocheperapo utoto: golide, zofiirira, kuwala wobiriwira ndi chikasu. Burashi pamene ntchito woonda kwambiri (anapanga yekha wa michira gologolo), onena zikwapu sadzachitanso noticeable kukhudza.

Mlanduwu kujambula zili - rowan zipatso, viburnum, strawberries, masamba ang'ono, owonda, pang'ono zimayambira yokhota kumapeto wobiriwira. Onse kukopedwa owala, mitundu kwambiri, contours ali bwinobwino. chithunzi wamangidwa pa mfundo za kusiyana.

Gzhel

Izi ndi wotchuka wowerengeka luso, chikhalidwe Russian pakati ulimi wa ziwiya zadothi luso. Iwo ali ndi malo ambiri wopangidwa mwa midzi 27 pansi pa dzina Gzhel chitsamba makilomita 60 kuchokera Moscow.

Gzhel malo kwa zaka zambiri wakhala wotchuka miyala ya mkulu amasankha dongo zoyenera zotengera mankhwala. Mu 1770 Gzhel m'mayiko Township anatitumiza dongosolo Apothecary. Ndiye m'mudzi Gzhel anakhazikitsa ulimi wa njerwa, mbiya, mapaipi, matailosi mbaula ndi zidole kuti Moscow.

Ziwiya ku Gzhel dongo makamaka zabwino, opepuka ndi cholimba. Kumayambiriro a zaka za m'ma 19 ku parishi, panali 25 zomera kubala glassware. The moyandikana wa Moscow lakusonkhezerani chitukuko kupanga katundu dongo, fairs likulu anagulitsa ambiri mbale, mbale, mbale, ndi ziwiya zina za kukhitchini.

Gzhel chidole pa nthawi anali opangidwa ndi kupanga zinyalala houseware. Ziribe kanthu kuchuluka dongo kapena kumanzere, onse ankaperekerako kumutsatira cockerels, nkhuku, nkhosa ndi mbuzi. Poyamba, kukambirana Chotsimikizika ntchito erratically, koma posachedwa pakhala mzere yotsimikizika pa ulimi. Yaiwisi zitsulo yokolola mwachindunji alendo, mfiti komanso apadera pa mbiri ya mankhwala ambiri anafuna-pambuyo.

White akavalo chonyezimira ndi mafano anali utoto ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana malingana ngati panali cobalt, konsekonse utoto. Nacho yowala mtundu buluu ndi yabwino pamodzi ndi moyera-enamel chidutswa. Mu 50s wa ojambula zithunzi atumwi wotsiriza kwathunthu anasiya mitundu ina yonse ndipo anayamba ntchito poglazurnoy cobalt buluu ochekenera. Zolinga muganize choncho mosiyana kwambiri, pa mutu uliwonse.

Timatheriyali ena

The sipekitiramu zaluso Russian wowerengeka ndi zamanja Tirhana na Timatheriyali ndi modabwitsa lonse. Apa ndi luso Kasli kuponyera, ndi mitundu ndi zinthu akagwidwa ndi zikanga. intarsia ndi marquetry njira amakulolani kulenga zojambula zidzasintha ndi mapanelo. Russian Akutsatira luso - lalikulu chikhalidwe stratum a dziko, chuma cha anthu.