Ntchito za Gorky: a mndandanda. Limakhulupirira Gorky: oyambirira ntchito zachikondi

The kwambiri Russian wolemba limakhulupirira Gorky (Peshkov Aleksey Maksimovich) anabadwa March 16, 1868 mu Nizhny Novgorod - anafa June 18, 1936 mu Gorki. Ndili wamng'ono, "Ine ndinapita kwa anthu", mu mawu ake. Iye anakhala zovuta, anagona mu nyumba zauve mwa chisokonezo ndi, akuyendayenda, mawu chidutswa zina mkate. Iye anagwiritsitsa m'magawo akuluakulu, anapita Don, mu Ukraine, m'chigawo Volga, ku South la Bessarabia, ndi Caucasus ndi Crimea.

kuyambira

Mwakhama kuchita zinthu ndale komanso, zimene wagwiritsa amugwira. Mu 1906 iye anapita kudziko lina, pamene iye anakhala bwino kulemba ntchito zawo. Ndi 1910, Gorky anatchuka kwambiri, ntchito yake ndi yofunika kwambiri. Poyambirira, mu 1904, tinayamba kusiya nkhani yapadera, ndipo kenako buku la "The Zowawa". Ntchito za Gorky andale chidwi ndi zithunzi pagulu. Ena mwa iwo ankaona kuti wolemba kwambiri ufulu amachitira zochitika zimene zikuchitika m'dzikoli. Onse amene analemba limakhulupirira Gorky, ntchito za zisudzo kapena essays journalistic, nkhani yochepa, kapena Mipikisano nkhani, resonated ndipo kawirikawiri limodzi ndi zitsanzo odana ndi boma. Pa 1 nkhondo World, wolemba anatenga mochititsa poyera odana militarist. Kukwera kwa 1917, chaka anakumana ndi kutengeka, ndi nyumba yake Petrograd inasanduka turnout kwa andale. Nthawi zambiri, limakhulupirira Gorky, amene zochita kwambiri apakhungu, anachita ndemanga za ntchito yake pofuna kupewa molakwa.

kunja

Mu 1921, wolemba anatumiza kunja kwa mankhwala. Patatha zaka zitatu, limakhulupirira Gorky ankakhala Helsinki, Prague ndi Berlin, kenako anasamukira ku Italy ndipo anakhala mu Sorrento. Kumeneko anayamba kufalitsa Maulendo Ake za Lenin. Mu 1925 iye analemba buku "The Artamonov Business". ntchito zonse Gorky panthawi imeneyo politicized.

Bwererani ku Russia

1928 anakhala panasinthira kwa Gorky. Pa kuyitana kwa Stalin, anabwerera Russia ndi mu chimachititsanso mwezi kuchokera ku mzinda, kukumana anthu, timudziwe bwino zomwe makampani mawotchi yomanga monga zokomera akufotokozera. Ndiye limakhulupirira Gorky ku Italy. Komabe, mu wotsatira (1929), wolemba kamodzinso kubwera kwa Russia ndi nthawi ino anafika Solovki Special Cholinga Camp. Reviews Choncho masamba abwino. Paulendo uwu Gorky otchulidwa Alexander Solzhenitsyn mu buku lake "The Gulag Archipelago."

Adzabwerenso yomaliza ya wolemba ku Soviet Union chinachitika mu October 1932. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo Gorky amakhala kale Ryabushinsky Nyumbayi pa Spiridonovka, pa dacha ake Gorki, ndipo amapita pa tchuthi ku Crimea.

Choyamba Congress wa Writers

Patapita nthawi, wolemba alandira malamulo andale Stalin, amene anam'patsa lokonzekera Congress 1 Soviet Writers. Mu kuwala kwa pempho ili, limakhulupirira Gorky amalenga manyuzipepala ambiri atsopano ndi magazini, amapangira mabuku angapo a mbiri mafakitale Union, nkhondo yapachiweniweni ndi zochitika zina za nyengo ya Soviet. Pa nthawi yomweyo iye analemba kusewera "Yegor Bulychev ndi ena", "malire ndi ena." Mabuku ena a Gorky, zinalembedwa kale, iwo anali ntchito pokonza wa Congress Choyamba Writers, umene unachitika mu August 1934. Pa Congress, makamaka analankhula kulinganiza zinthu, anasankhidwa utsogoleri tsogolo la Union of Soviet Writers, analenga zigawo zolembalemba ndi mtundu wanyimbo. ntchito Gorky nawonso tcheru pa Congress 1 Writers, iye anasankhidwa wapampando wa gulu. Cacikulu, chochitika ankaona bwino, ndipo Stalin anayamikira Maksima Gorkogo ntchito ake kuberekana.

kutchuka

Gorky, amene ntchito zaka chifukwa mikangano owawa mwa anzeru, ankayesetsa kuti kutenga nawo mbali mu zokambirana za mabuku ake makamaka masewero. Nthawi wolemba kupita ku zisudzo, kumene aone okha kuti anthu sanyalanyaza ntchito yake. Ndithudi anthu ambiri wolemba limakhulupirira Gorky, amene ntchito akuoneka wamba, anakhala wochititsa moyo watsopano. Zisudzo magulu anapita bwanji kangapo, kuwerenga mobwerezabwereza bukhu.

msanga chikondi Zowawa

ntchito wolemba zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu angapo. Gorky a ntchito oyambirira ndi chikondi, ngakhale chimatsogoleredwa. Sadamve ndi chinthu chimodzimodzi a maganizo andale, amene impregnated ndi nkhani ina komanso mabuku wolemba.

Wake woyamba kulemba yochepa nkhani "Makar Chudra" - ya chi zakanthawi chikondi. Osati yofulumira kuti "chikondi yatha", koma chifukwa zinatha usiku umodzi wokha, popanda kukhudza limodzi. Ndinkakhala chikondi akusamba popanda kugwira thupi. Ndiyeno mtsikanayo imfa pa manja a wokondedwa wamwalira wonyada Gypsy yamalamulo, namtsata yekha loiko zobar - m'ngalawa pamodzi kudutsa mlengalenga, manja.

Lowopsya nkhani zosaneneka mphamvu Nkhani. Nkhani "Makar Chudra" anali kwa zaka zambiri wakuti Maksima Gorkogo, analanda malo oyamba mu "Ntchito oyambirira Gorky."

Wolemba zambiri kuberekana ntchito unyamata wake. msanga chikondi Zowawa - mndandanda wa nkhani otchulidwa amene anali Danko, Sokol, Tchelkache ndi ena.

A nkhani zazifupi za chapamwamba wauzimu wa bwino mumadabwa. "Chelkash" - nkhani ya munthu wamba, onyamula mkulu zokongoletsa nzeru. Kuthawa kwanu, umbava ukule, mogwirizana ndi mlandu. Kukwaniritsa awiri - lina tikugwira ntchito wamba, mulandu wina kutsogolera. Nsanje, kusakhulupirirana wofunitsitsa kugonjera wodzichepetsa, mantha ndi Gavrila kugonjera anatsutsa mtima, kudzikayikira, chikondi ufulu Chelkash. Komabe Chelkash anthu sayenera, monga kuyenera Gavrila. Achikondi pathos zapiringizana ndi zomvetsa chisoni. Kufotokozera za chikhalidwe cha nkhani nazonso waphimbika mu chophimba cha chikondi.

Mu nkhani "Makar Chudra", "Old Isergil" ndipo potsiriza, mu "The Song wa Chimphamba" inachokera chilimbikitso "misala ya wolimba." Wolemba amaika anthu a mu mavuto, ndipo popanda mfundo iliyonse, kuwatsogolera iwo kuti chotsiriza. Mitu ndi ntchito chidwi wolemba chachikulu, kuti nkhaniyi sizimadziwika.

Zojambula Gorky "Old Isergil" idzafotokoza angapo. Khalidwe la nkhani yake yoyamba - mwana wa mphungu ndi mkazi, lakuthwa-eyed Larry anapereka odzikonda, sangathe maganizo apamwamba. Pamene iye anamva limakhulupirira kuti zivute zitani kulipira chinachake kuti anatenga ena asonyeza kusakhulupirira, kuti "tikufuna kukhalabe sinawonongeke." Anthu anaukana, natsutsa kusungulumwa. Kunyada Larry anali oopsa kwa iye.

Danko chimodzimodzi odzikuza, koma amatanthauza anthu ndi chikondi. Choncho umabala ufulu anafunika kukhulupirira iye atsogoleri. Ngakhale mantha pa okayikira kuti akhoza kukhala fuko la nkhalango primeval, mtsogoleri wamng'ono akupitiriza njira, kukoka anthu pamodzi. Ndipo pamene magulu onse anali ukucheperachepera, ndi nkhalango sikuthetsa, Danko anang'amba pamtima, anatulutsa woyaka mtima ndi malawi zidawala njira imene anawatsogolera kuti kudula. m'dziko osayamika, akuthawira ku ufulu, ngakhale kuyang'ana motsogozedwa Danko, pamene anakomoka ndipo anafa. Anthu anathawa, anathamanga kuponderezedwa lamoto mtima ndipo anayamba kugwa buluu nsakali.

ntchito Achikondi a Gorky anasiya chizindikiro kukoma mtima wanga. Owerenga chisoni ngwazi, ndi unpredictability a chiwembu amasunga nkhawa, ndi kutha nthawi zambiri mosayembekezereka. Kuwonjezera ntchito chikondi cha Gorky amasiyana makhalidwe abwino kwambiri kuti unobtrusive, koma bwino mumadabwa.

Mutu ufulu wa anthu umene umalamulira ntchito oyambirira a wolemba. Ngwazi za Gorky ufulu wachikondi ndipo ngakhale wokonzeka kupereka moyo wake kwa ufulu wosankha tsogolo lawo.

Ndakatulo "Imfa ndi Buthu" - chitsanzo omveka wodzipereka m'dzina la chikondi. Young, wodzala ndi moyo iye ndi kuthana ndi imfa, kwa usiku umodzi wa chikondi. Iye ali wokonzeka kufa opanda chisoni m'mawa, kokha kudzakomananso ndi mumaikonda.

King, amene wadzikwaniritsa wamphamvu zonse, dooms msungwana kwa imfa chifukwa, kubwerera kuchokera kunkhondo, mu maganizo oipa ndi Sanasangalale lake limasangalala kuseka. Imfa anapulumutsa Chikondi, iye anali akadali moyo ndipo "othina ndi scythe ndi," anali kale pa iyo ilibe mphamvu.

Romanticism ndi kupezeka "The Song wa Mafunde Petrel." Chathu mbalame free, ali ngati munthu wakuda mphezi, nditsatire m'chigwa imvi za m'nyanja, ndi mitambo utapachikika mafunde. Tiyeni mkuntho inayambika wamphamvu, wolimba mbalame zokonzeka kumenyana. penguin A n'kofunika kubisa mafuta thupi ovuta, iye ali ndi maganizo osiyana kwa mkuntho - ziribe kanthu momwe ankawaviika nthenga.

Man ntchito Gorky a

Special, wochenjera zamaganizo Maksima Gorkogo chili mwa nkhani zake zonse amapereka udindo waukulu mwa munthu uyu. Ngakhale pokhala Kunkapezekanso otchulidwa flophouse, ndipo anapereka kwa wolemba monga nzika ulemu, ngakhale mavuto awo. Munthu ntchito za Gorky anaika kutsogolo, china chirichonse ndi sekondale - zotchulidwa, mavuto azandale, ngakhale zochita za matupi boma ali chakumbuyo.

Gorky novella "Ana"

Wolemba limafotokoza nkhani ya moyo wa mnyamata Aleshi Peshkova, ngati m'malo yake. Cheerless nkhani akuyamba ndi imfa ya bambo ake ndi imfa mayi malekezero. Wamasiye, mnyamata anamva kwa agogo ake, tsiku pambuyo maliro a amayi ake: "Inu simuli Mendulo pa khosi kukangamira Sunayenera ... Pitani-ka inu anthu ...". Mbaathamangisamo.

Kotero umatha ntchito "Ana" Gorky a. Ndipo pakati zinali zaka zochepa moyo mu nyumba ya agogo ake amamudalira munthu wakale wamng'ono, amene ntchito Loweruka kukwapula anakhumudwa aliyense amene anali ofooka kuposa iye. agogo A otsika mphamvu yekha ndi zidzukulu zake, amene amakhala m'nyumba, iye anamenya backhand awo, kuika pa benchi.

Aleksey ros, mothandizidwa ndi mayi ake, ndi m'nyumba ya anapachika nkhungu chifunga udani wa onse ndi zonse. Amalume kumenyana pakati pawo, anaopseza agogo ake kuti adzasula asuweni kumwa, ndi akazi awo anali akulephera kubereka. Alyosha anayesa kucheza ndi oyandikana nawo anyamata, koma makolo awo ndi achibale ena anali pa ubwenzi ngati zovuta ndi agogo ake, agogo ndi amayi kuti ana amatha kulankhula kokha kupyolera mu dzenje mpanda.

"M'munsi kuya"

Mu 1902, Gorky anatembenukira kwa mutu aumunthu. Iye analenga kusewera za anthu, zochitika anatsika pansi a mtundu Russian. Anthu angapo, anthu okhala doss nyumba, wolemba sketched ndi zowona kwambiri. Pakati pa nkhani anthu osowa pokhala pafupi kutaya mtima. Winawake kuganiza zodzipha, munthu wina kuyembekezera zabwino. The mankhwala a limakhulupirira Gorky "m'munsi kuya" - chithunzi choonekera bwino za osatetezeka chikhalidwe ndi zoweta anthu, nthawi zambiri kwasanduka tsoka ndi.

Mwini wa doss nyumba Mihail Ivanovich Kostylev moyo ndipo sadziwa kuti moyo wake nthawi zonse pangozi. mkazi wake Vasilisa akunyengerera mmodzi wa alendo - Vaska Pepel - kupha mwamuna wake. Ichinso itha mbala Vaska amapha Kostyleva ndipo amapita kundende. Onse a anthu a nyumba doss apitirize kukhala mu chikhalidwe cha chipwirikiti kuledzera ndi ndewu wamagazi.

Patapita nthawi, pali ena Luka chiwembuyo ndi chatterbox. Iye "amadzadza", Timachiponya, ndi kukambirana yaitali, akulonjeza mwachisawawa losangalatsa ndi chitukuko zonse. Ndiye Luka Mwamsanga, ndi anthu Kalanga amene analimbikitsa, patsikulo. Pali anakhumudwa kwambiri. Makumi pokhala, dzina la wosewera anadzipha. The ena sali kutali ndi izo.

Doss nyumba monga chizindikiro cha impasse a mtundu Russian pa mapeto a XIX atumwi, nthenda zoonekeratu kuti chikhalidwe.

Zilandiridwenso Maksima Gorkogo

• "Makar Chudra" - 1892. A nkhani ya chikondi ndi matsoka.
• "Agogo Arkhip ndi Lenka" - 1893. Wopemphapempha odwala nkhalamba, ndipo naye mdzukulu wa Lenka, wachinyamata. agogo oyamba kupirira mavuto ndi akafa, iye afa ndiye chidzukulu. anthu abwino m'manda mu ngozi pa msewu.
• "Old Isergil" - 1895. nkhani zingapo mayi wachikulire za kudzikonda ndi kusadziona kukhala wopambana ena.
• "Chelkash" - 1895. Nkhani za "ndi woledzera zachizoloŵezi, ndi wochenjera, kufika mbava."
• "Mwamuna ndi mkazi Eagles" - 1897. A nkhani ya wopanda mwana banja amene akufuna kuthandiza anthu odwala.
• "Konovalov" - chaka cha 1898. Nkhani ya mmene m'ndende anapachikidwa dzina lake Aleksandr Ivanovich Konovalov, amene anamangidwa chifukwa umbava ukule.
• "Foma Gordeev" - 1899. Nthano ya zochitika pa mapeto a XIX atumwi, umene unachitika mu mzinda Volga. Za mnyamata wina dzina lake Thomas, amene adakhulupirira atate wake lowoneka wolanda.
• "Afilisti" - 1901. Mbiri ya mizu Afilisti akavalidwe latsopano la nthawi.
• "Pa pansi" - chaka 1902. Pachimake apakhungu kusewera za anthu osowa pokhala amene ataya chiyembekezo.
• "Mayi" - chaka cha 1906. Roma pa mutu wa chosintha amaganiza wa chimangidwe za zinachitika mu fakitare kupanga, ndi nawo mamembala a banja limodzi.
• "Vassa Zheleznov" - 1910. A kusewera za unyamata mkazi 42 wazaka, kampani kutumiza, zamphamvu.
• "Ana" - 1913. Nthano ya mnyamata yosavuta si akunesa.
• "Ankanena Italy" - 1913. A mndandanda wa nkhani zazifupi za moyo m'mizinda Italy.
• "The masautso-cheeky" - 1913. A nkhani zazing'ono za banja kwambiri wosasangalala.
• "Anthu" - 1914. A nkhani ya gofer mu kwamakono ogulitsira nsapato.
• "Mayunivesite wanga" - 1923. Nthano ya University Kazan ndi wophunzira.
• "Blue Moyo" - 1924. A nkhani za maloto ndi kukhumbira.
• "Artamonov Business" - 1925. Nthano ya zinachitika pa fakitale nsalu nsalu.
• "Moyo Klim Samgin" - 1936. Events chiyambi cha m'ma XX - Petersburg, Moscow, ndi kutilepheretsa.

Aliyense kuwerenga nkhani, nkhani kapena buku, masamba kuona mkulu zolembalemba luso. otchulidwa apitirize angapo mikhalidwe yapadera ndi mbali. Analysis ntchito Zowawa kumaphatikizapo mbali mabuku m'nkhaniyi anatsatira payokha. Kuya kwa nkhani organically pamodzi ndi zovuta zomveka chipangizo zolembalemba. Zonse lalikulu Russian wolemba Maksima Gorkogo analowa golide thumba la chikhalidwe Russian.