Nyama za m'nkhalango. Zizindikiro ndi Zoona

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbalame zokwana 8600 padziko lapansi, yomwe mitundu yoposa 700 imapezeka m'gawo lathu. M'mapiri, minda ndi malo odyera a ku Ulaya gawo la gawoli pali mitundu 294. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbalame za ku Russia zimapeza malo okhala m'nkhalango komanso m'midzi.

M'dziko lathu ndi nyengo yovuta, mitundu yambiri ya mbalame ikuuluka kupita ku mayiko otentha m'nyengo yozizira, ndipo iwo amene amakhala nthawi zambiri amayendayenda kuchokera kumpoto kupita pakati ndi kumwera. Kuzizira kwambiri komanso chifukwa cha kuzizira ndi kusowa kwa chakudya, mbalame zimafa mochuluka.

Kufunikira kwa mbalame mu chakudya ndipamwamba kwambiri chifukwa cha kuyenda kwakukulu komanso kuchepa kwa thupi. Mtengo wa tsiku ndi tsiku uli pafupi 1/4 ya kulemera kwa thupi. Mbalame zodya nyama amadya kamodzi pa tsiku, mbewu - zosachepera ziwiri, ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda - pafupifupi maulendo 5-6. Pa kukula kwa anapiye, kusowa kwa chakudya kuli kwakukulu. Zimakula mofulumira, kwa sabata kulemera kwa mwana wakhanda kumawonjezereka kangapo.

Nkhalango za ku Russia ndizo mitundu yambiri ya zamoyo. Mbalame ndi mabwenzi enieni ndi opulumutsa a m'nkhalango ku tizilombo towononga. Zina mwa mitunduyi ndizosautsa (mbuzi, nuthatch, pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya mbalame za nyimbo). Mu zina (tits, starlings, shrike) tizilombo timakhala tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mbewu ndi omnivores zikuphatikizapo khwangwala, oatmeal, bullfinch, jackdaw, finch, woodpecker ndi mpheta. Koma amaperekanso anapiye okha ndi tizilombo. Ndipo mwa kuchulukitsa kwakukulu kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, mbalame zonse, ngakhale mbewu, chakudya chokha pa iwo.

Mbalame zakutchire zimasiyana ndi zomwe zimadya, koma ndi mitundu ya zinyama. Mitundu pafupifupi 10 ya mbalame zosawononga ndi mitundu 10 yomwe imadyetsa makoswe ang'onoang'ono m'chisa. Zina zonse za chisa chaching'ono pansi ndi kuthengo. Msinkhu wandiweyani kwa iwo ndi malo abwino kwambiri ndi chitetezo chotsimikizika kuchokera kwa adani. Ndicho chifukwa chake m'nkhalango zakale zomwe mulibe m'mphepete mwake, pali mbalame zochepa.

Pamphepete mwa nkhalango, m'minda ndi m'mapaki omwe mumakhala zitsamba zam'madzi ndi ma cuckoos, usiku kumanga zisa m'nkhalango zamatchire ndi mitengo ikuluikulu pamitsinje ndi mitsinje, zidole zimakonda nkhalango, oatmeal ndi chamois kusankha timitsamba tating'ono kapena udzu wambiri mu glades ndi kugwa.

Nyama zakutchire zimathandiza nkhalango kukula. Kuchokera ku mbewu zomwe zimwazikana ndi zitosi zawo, tchire zatsopano zimakula. Mbalame zambiri (nkhuni, jays, starlings, tits) zimabisa mbewu za mitengo, acorns, mtedza mu moss kapena stumps. Kuchokera kwa oiwalika kapena osasankhidwa mwapadera "kubisala malo" mitengo yatsopano idzakula. Mabulu, magpies ndi jackdaws amafalitsa mbewu za zomera za m'munda, zomwe zimatha kupezeka m'nkhalango m'malo osayembekezereka.

Nkhalango zakutchire zili ndi adani ambiri. Makamaka mbalame zambiri zimafa panthawi ya mazira ndi kudyetsa anapiye, pamene makolo sangachoke chisa ndipo amakhala osatetezeka kwambiri. Chifukwa cha zinyama, komanso manja a anthu, osaposa khumi mwa mbalame zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala m'nkhalango pafupi ndi midzi. M'mapaki ndi minda imeneyi chiwerengerochi n'chochepa.

Adani oyipa kwambiri (makamaka omwe amakhala pafupi ndi midzi) ndi amphaka oweta. Kutali kutali ndi malo okhalamo, mawotchi amazisaka ndi nkhandwe, ferrets, martens, caresses, maermines. Pakuti kumanga mbalame za pansi ndizitsamba ndi zitsamba. Anthu amachitiranso mavuto ambiri kwa mbalame ndi kudula mitengo ndi kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa. Motero, mbalame zochepa zokha za m'nkhalango zimakhala moyo wonse. Ndipo nthawi yayitali: kwa jackdaws - zaka 11, chifukwa chokhala ndi nyenyezi khumi, 10, chifukwa choponyera, kugwedeza ndi kukwera-pamwamba pa 10, chifukwa cha nkhumba ndi zofiira-pafupifupi 9, chifukwa cha nsomba - zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri. Mbalame zambiri zimatha kukhala motalika kwambiri - mpheta zoposa zaka 18, ziphuphu za mtsinje pafupifupi 20, magpies - 21, nightingales - 25.

Mukamauluka kumadera akutali mbalame zimatha kukula mofulumira. Motero, mbalame zazing'ono zimauluka pamtunda wa 30 mpaka 50 km / h, nyenyezi zochokera 60 mpaka 79 km / h, mbalame zapakati pa 55 mpaka 86. Mbalame zam'mlengalenga (fogrine falcon) zimauluka pamtunda wa makilomita 95 / h, komanso zikaukira nyama - pafupifupi 360 km / h.