Senators - ndani izi? Chikadzabadwa zinthu monga aphungu ndi

Senate anaitana mmodzi wa akuluakulu angapo pamwamba pa dziko, limene likuchita ndi nkhani paudindo, zofufuza andale, tanthauzo la mfundo zoweta ndi achilendo. Boma zida za makono anaika m'Mabaibulo awo bungwe ili mu Russia, USA, Italy ndi France, Spain, Belgium, Kazakhstan, Czech Republic, Poland, Australia, Colombia ndi ena ambiri. Nthawi zambiri thupi ili amatchedwa mosiyana - chapamwamba nyumba ya yamalamulo (malamulo msonkhano).

tanthauzo

Senators - ndi akuluakulu a posts bungwe chimodzimodzi. Komabe, m'mayiko ena a dongosolo ano demokalase mawu amatchedwa olekanitsa, gawo la makhoti akuluakulu.

Kudziwa zimene mawu akuti "aphungu" Chonde amatchula mizu Latin mawu. M'chilankhulo akale, tsopano sanagwiritse ntchito mawu tsiku ndi tsiku ndi mawu «senatus». Iwo amapereka tanthauzo la gulu, mpingo wa anthu okalamba, ndipo nawonso, linachokera ku "senex" kutanthauza "nkhalamba." Chiyambi cha mawu akuti ndi umafananirako kwa mawonekedwe ya gulu la chikhalidwe, kumene mphamvu a akulu a mafuko kenako limatchedwa kuti senators. Izi zinachitika kwa zaka chikwi pa moyo wa Roma. Koyamba mu nyengo yakale, lingaliro la Senate ngati chikhazikitso ndale analeredwa ndi mayiko ambiri kwa ndithu nthawi zakale masiku ano.

choyamba Senate

Komabe, tsopano ndi nthawi yamakedzana senators wa - nduna ziwiri zosiyana. Ndiye iwo ankatengedwa oimira kalasi chapamwamba. Ichi chinali mutu wa moyo wawo. Mfumu anali ndi mphamvu zoika anthu kuti malo amenewa, m'mene adapitapo udindo wake ndi cholowa. Ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mabwalo za 6 m'ma BC. e. Senate linachokera ku bungwe la akulu woimira Fuko patrician. Mu mpweya chomwecho ndi mabungwe ena onse, iye anakhala mbali yaikulu ya moyo pagulu. mamembala ake pachikhalidwe akuluakulu akale moyo, kuti ndi ndende ya ulamuliro zinachitikira Rome.

Senators anachita review kuyambirira malamulo kusodza, motsogoleredwa zochitika asilikali anatsimikiza mfundo yachilendo, zachuma, kusamalira chuma pagulu, anachititsa uyang'aniro wa zipembedzo, analengeza boma la mwadzidzidzi. Zochita amatsogolera boma.
zochita zawo ndi mphamvu ya malamulo. Mu nyengo ya Aroma, mphamvu ya Senators pang'onopang'ono okha, zivute zitani moganizira mfumu. Ngati bungwe lolamulira wakhala msonkhano wa akuluakulu a mabanja wolemekezeka wolemera, aliyense aphungu, udindo umene anatengera, alibenso inakhudza kwambiri ndale.

Russian Way

Mu Russia, mfumu yoyamba ya Senate anaika mwa Peter Wamkulu mu 1711 monga chiwalo apamwamba mphamvu ya boma ndi ntchito malamulo. Chiyambireni cha m'ma 19, kukhazikitsidwa anali kugwira ntchito supervisory pa ntchito za mabungwe onse. Ndipo, malinga ndi lamulo mkulu, kuyambira 1864, izo anauzidwa nkhani ina yofunika - kuchita zinthu ngati khoti lalikulu la cassation. Komabe, analipo kale 1917, Senate ndi anthu ake akhala zimangochitika chifukwa cha October zitasintha, zochitika pa pempho la "Watsimikiza pa bwalo."

Tsar Potr Veliky zambiri kuchoka m'dziko, amene adatsogola kunena naye ku kwathunthu amadzipereka kuti ayang'anire boma. Ndi cholinga nthumwi za mphamvu mobwerezabwereza, iye analangiza anthu zochitika osankhidwa. Nthawi yoyamba mphamvu zimenezi ankawoneka ngati kanthawi malangizo payekha. Koma kuyambira 1711 ntchito izi anatumizidwa ku mwambo watsopano, wotchedwa Bungwe Senate. Iye hakhali niga mabungwe akunja a nthawi (Poland, Sweden), ndipo anaikonza kuti akakomane ndi zinthu achilendo moyo Russian. Mtengo wa mphamvu imene akuluakulu anatsimikiza ndi lamulo la mfumu, amene Mukalongosola yaikulu mawu ofanana ndi munthu wa Ufumu Wake. Izi kumlingo bwanji tanthauzo la mawu akuti "aphungu" mu mamasulidwe Russian.

kusintha Petulo

Pamene kulibe zonse Petro anaima, funso ya kuvunda kwa senators ndi chiyani osadzuka. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa bungwe akukhala, kumene zinthu zofunika kwambiri zikuchitika kasamalidwe, Kuthi malamulo ndi zochitika za malamulo panopa. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, ulamuliro wa Peter mphamvu zodabwitsa senators zilibe tanthauzo awo, makamaka mu ntchito malamulo. Anakhazikitsidwa mu 1726 , Wamkulukulu atamva Council tinayamba mphamvu, ndi chotsatira kuti udindo wa Senate zasintha ukasintha kwambiri, ndipo ambiri a anthu ake anasamukira ku malo mu Council.

Zotsatilazi linakhazikitsidwa ndi Peter pafupifupi zaka mazana awiri, bungwe loyamba lasintha ambiri: izo unagawidwa m'madipatimenti, reworked mu ofesi, Komiti ya nduna mphamvu nawo, ntchito ndi ufulu m'dziko komanso molumikizana ndi mabungwe ena amanena. kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20, kubera ulimi ndi mphamvu anthu kuti kukhale kovuta kwa linakhalapo anapitiriza. Kukhazikitsidwa ndi anthu ake kuti timasulidwe ku ntchito yake.

Modern nthawi

The zinachitika loyamba la Senate m'nyengo Soviet Russia wakhala akuyendera ndi chitsanzo cha Council Federation (mwamwayi chidule - Bungwe la Federation) mu July 1990 monga thupi chenjezo pansi Purezidenti wa USSR mu 1990-1991. Anayamba kuyenda molunjika ku mutu wa dziko ndi m'gulu la zida za akuluakulu apamwamba. Amaphatikiza mamembala 31 mwa mpando wa akulu a mayiko yoyenda yokha, zigawo ndi zigawo, komanso wapampando wa ena 31 oyang'anira mzindawo ndi mzinda. Ndi fanizo angapo mabungwe akunja, anthu anayamba kuitana Senate wa bungwe Federation, ndipo anthu ake - senators.

Today mu Russia anakhazikitsa chapamwamba nyumba ya Assembly Federal la Chitaganya cha Russia. Bukuli lili pa ulamuliro wa nyengo ya Soviet, ndi kuchita pa mfundo ya Senate zachikhalidwe. Bungwe la Federation mwina zidzasungunuka ndi mutsogoleli wadziko. msonkhano mwambo padera ku misonkhano ya akuluakulu mu State Duma. Ntchito ngati thupi okhazikika, mamembala amagwira ntchito yawo momaliziratu.

chapamwamba nyumba

Thupi boma likakhazikitsidwa komanso wapangidwa ndi maziko sanali olimbanawo. tanthauzo Izi zikutanthauza kuti mamembala ake sapeka magulu a zipani. Oimira Upper House amanenedwa ndi chitetezo chokwanira kwa nthawi yawo yonse ya ofesi. ntchito malamulo okhudza kukhazikitsidwa kwa State Duma amatenga mbali wamng'ono. Motero zochita kale tinakambirana Duma, ndi pokhapokha munthu aziona zabwino analandira Sovfeda.

Pa zaka 20 zapitazi Russian "Senate" wadutsa magawo anayi a kukonzanso. Aliyense ankanyamula kusintha atsogoleri dera, zimagwirira woyengeka paudindo, anatsimikiza pakhomo Choyenereza. Mwachitsanzo, chiwerengero cha amafuna wamkulu osankhidwa ofuna pano zaka malire a zaka 30, kufunika kwa zaka 5 osodlosti ndi mbiri wopanda. Lililonse aphungu mu Russia - ndi aphungu kapena thupi wamkulu wa Federation lapansi.

Monga timachitira mu America

Senators - Izi ndi lachiwiri ndale chikoka cha anthu mu boma pambuyo kazembe. chiwerengero chawo mu United States - mamembala 100, 2 oimira boma. Popeza anasankhidwa kuti aphungu US, monga ulamuliro, ndi zambiri zovuta kuposa Kongeresi ndi:

• ndi anthu awiri okha ndi boma ndipo panonso;
• senators US amasankhidwa kwa nthawi ya zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, mwachitsanzo pa zaka 2 misonkhano yokopa anthu theka la chiwerengero cha mamembala ..;
• Ndondomeko kusankha angathe kutenga ambiri ndalama ndiponso maganizo.

Ndi mwayi weniweni wa munthu kupikisana boma la Senate, lamulo:

• nthawi yokwanira kukhala munthu wodziwika, makamaka ngati mu boma ndi boma mlingo pa mlengalenga ndale;
• ndi udindo wabwino okhudzidwa: kazembe, munthu wa Kongeresi ndi zochitika, mfumu ya mzinda waukulu, nyota zina ndi zina zomwe;
• malo mozungulira ndi chikoka chachikulu ndi mphamvu ndalama;
• Aliyense wopita ayenera asankha ndi boma chipani gulu maverick womenya kupambana pa chisankho ndi zovuta mu maiko.

Kampeni kusankhidwa kwa Senate unachitikira momwemo oopsa, monga chisankho cha Pulezident. M'chaka, anthu inaonongeka pa TV uliwonse tsopano ndiyeno tumphuka zoipa. Kupikisana pomenyera phungu wina ku Republican ndi maphwando Democratic. Ngati kusankha watsopano wasonyeza zotsatira zabwino kwa nthawi yoyamba, ndiye pa chisankho chotsatira, iye akukhala pafupi losagonjetseka. Kazembe mu US - ndi mtumiki wothandiza anthu osasunthika pamalo ake nthawi zina zaka 30.

udindo Kazembe

Membala wa Senate a boma aliyense wapatsidwa angapo mphamvu ndi udindo, ntchito zimene amafuna adzaponye chisanko ake. Popeza ntchito yofunika tichipeza misonkhano ndi zokambirana, zikalata, wapolisiyo ayenera kutengapo mbali pa misonkhano patokha formations ziwalo limene iye. Senators zolowa ngongole kuti chimatanthauza ndondomeko mkati ndi kunja kwa kampani nawo anira ndalama, katundu anthu, zochitika chikhalidwe, mafakitale ndi maphunziro. mabungwe membala wa malo awo amapereka chifaniziro ofanana aliyense wa nzika za chitaganya mwa akuluakulu wamkulu. Iye ali wosankhidwa kwa nthawi yaitali kuposa parliamentarians, ndipo chiwerengero chawo okwana kusinthidwa kawirikawiri. Senators ndi ntchito chimodzimodzi ndi Komiti m'munsi mwa maguluwo. Pamene zimavuta ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Senate ndi zosefera njira ndi msana populist.