Ndi zifukwa kusintha lamulo misa collectivization chiyani? Kufunika kwa makhalidwe ake onse

Kufikira tsopano, mbiri yakale simungakhoze kubwera kwa kuuzidwa za collectivisation mu nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Stalin. Ena amakhulupirira kuti chifukwa cha Russia anatha zaka zochepa chabe kupita njira ya chitukuko, kuti mayiko ena inatenga zaka zambiri. Ena amati kusiyana pakati pa zolinga za bizinesi, mapulani zosatheka ndi kukhwimitsa mfundo za akuluakulu a kwachititsa chakuti mlingo makonzedwe a kupanga ndi wamakono Kodi sizigwirizana ndi leni zotheka, chifukwa anthu mokakamiza anagonjetsa anali kuzilekerera.

zifukwa zazikulu kuti chinachititsa mphamvu kusankha njira ya collectivization

ulimi Russia kwambiri lagged kumbuyo zizindikiro zonse ndi atsogoleri dziko. Zimenezi amavutika ndi msinkhu wonse wa chitukuko cha boma yaikulu. Ngati nthawi sichinayambe kuthetsedwa vuto la backwardness luso, otsika marketability wa ulimi, dziko akhoza kukhala m'nthawi ya 19 mu mawu a chitukuko, iwo lagged kuseri kwa West mu zaka zana. Ndipotu, ngakhale kupanga malonda tirigu zizindikiro onse akapanda otukuka.

Pamene funso n'lakuti, Kodi zifukwa kusintha lamulo misa collectivization, tiyenera kukumbukira ndi zogula kampeni 1927-28, amene wavutika makhalidwe onse a vutoli, kwenikweni anali chifukwa chachikulu oyamba a malamulo a misa collectivization. Nkofunika kudziwa mlingo wa ulamuliro zokhudzana zosiyanasiyana "makalasi" wa. Malinga ndi magulu Stalinist, zotsatira za collectivization anali kufuna kutchuka kwambiri, chifukwa anthu wamba anali amangoona ngati wothandizira a m'kalasi ntchito, amene panali tanthauzo kwambiri. Choncho, ndi bondo iwo sinafike, dongosolo lonse ankayenera kudutsamo mwamsanga pogwiritsa ntchito njira chiwawa, zomwe nthawi zambiri cholakwika yokha.

Lingaliro la collectivization pamaso pa akuluakulu a boma ndi anthu

Kuti mphamvu collectivization Mwachidule, zinali kanthu koma kulengedwa ndi wamphamvu, makina amphamvu ulimi, amene anali pansi pa mphamvu ya kuchita mapulani atangomaliza chingwe kukwaniritsa mlingo anakhumba chitukuko.

Anthu wamba, collectivization anali amphamvu mokakamiza anapachikidwa lingaliro bungwe wagawo, amene sindiye ambiri minda chifukwa chakuti kwa zaka kusonkhanitsa chuma, nyama m'matangadza anangoiwala wakumvera ulamuliro wa ena, popanda wosatsimikizika adzabweranso kapena kulandira khola ndalama.

Akatswiri ambiri, amene anaganizira funso la chimene chimayambitsa kusintha lamulo misa collectivization, motsimikiza kuti ngati zokolola mu chaka 1927-28 anali wapamwamba mogwira yokolola anagwa maulendo asanu ndi atatu, mwina chiwawa njira sizikanakhala zotheka kugwiritsa ntchito ngati mtundu okhwima.

Anagwirizana ndipo izikhala

Zinali pa chakhumi ndi chisanu Congress wa CPSU (b) collectivization analengeza cholinga chachikulu. Chinalimbikitsa kwambiri ndipo ambiri kuchita malonjezo ake phindu, kuchepetsedwa mu mitengo ya msonkho, anali kupulumutsa patsogolo antchito-luso luso. Ndipo ngati inu kuwonjezera mawu akuti "amakakamizidwa" Pachiyambi wa collectivization misa kunali ndi kwawo mu 1929, kwa lingaliro ili.

zolinga

Kuti timvetsetse chimene chimayambitsa kusintha lamulo misa collectivization, ayenera kumvetsa zolinga zikuluzikulu zomwe anali atakhala.

1) Cities unakula mofulumira, iwo anayenera kupereka kwa ndalama za ulimi. Koma msinkhu wawo chitukuko ndi dzuwa kukwaniritsa cholinga chimenechi anali otsika kwambiri.

2) Izo zinakonzedwa kuti mu zaka zoyambirira za zotsatira collectivization, ndicho kuwonjezeka imports tirigu, adzalola kuti refinance osati zaulimi, komanso ndondomeko mafakitale.

Cannibalization. zenizeni

Dispossession wa minda munthu zinachitika kuyambira kukhetsa magazi ndi misozi. Anthu amene anakwanitsa kufika pamwamba ena mu chitukuko cha chuma chake, safuna kusiya katundu, nyama, zida "mu phiko la minda ya gulu", koma maganizo awo ndi zokhumba palibe amene ati ananyalanyaza. Iwo sizinathandize, ndipo misonkho apamwamba, zolimba zinthu pangongole. Antikolhoznye zisudzo, yomwe inayamba m'chaka cha 1930, pang'ono ofooka kuthamanga kwa makonsolo, alimi anayamba kuchoka minda gulu, koma m'dzinja la collectivization njira chiwawa adapitiriza mwakhama.

Osati kofanana, ngati mmene anali kuyembekezera, zotulukapo collectivization. Zaka zingapo pa chilengedwe cha ulimi makina wosakwatiwa, kupatutsa anthu mu antchito osayanjanitsika amene ntchito kunali ngati pang'onopang'ono. Ngakhale kwambiri kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha ziweto, zokolola waponya, ndi katundu mkate chawonjezeka ndi chifukwa, njala ya 1932-33.

Tsopano kuti timvetsetse yankho la funso kodi zifukwa kusintha lamulo misa collectivization, amanena izi: "N'chifukwa chiyani akuluakulu sindikufuna kuona kuti maganizo awo anali wolephera, chifukwa yokha n'zoti sakanakwanitsa popanda zolimbikitsa chitukuko chuma kukhala?"