State Bank. Banks ndi nawo boma

Russian boma akumeneko mabanki ndi mbiri chidwi ndi mfundo za ntchito mu dziko lathu. Tiyeni tione mmene ubale gawo mphamvu ndi gawo la kubanki.

Bank chapakati ndi Bank State: malingaliro a chiŵerengero

Mu TV otchuka, mawu akuti "Bank ku Central" ndi "State Bank" nthawizina sakudziwika. Pa dzanja limodzi, palibe kulakwa enieni: "CB" - State Bank, boma anali kwathunthu. Pa ena, pali kutanthauzira osiyana mawu wamba "boma banki" - ndi malonda kukongoza bungwe, ambiri omwe (50% magawo) m'manja mwa boma (kawirikawiri mu nkhope ya boma). Kutanthauzira chachiwiri ambiri ntchito mu atolankhani Russian ndi utolankhani. Modern mabanki lalikulu nawo boma - "VTB 24", "Ndalama Bank" ( "Sberbank la Russia"), "Gazprombank", "Rosselkhozbank". Nawonso sanali boma ( "malonda") adzakhala bungwe ngongole, mtengo ambiri ali wokwatibwa ndi anthu paokha (chimodzi kapena kuposa).

Kodi "chapakati banki" otchulidwa ndi Bank State? Makamaka chifukwa iye, monga mabungwe a boma, yaima pamwamba pa mabungwe kukongoza malonda, amalowerera umuna ndalama, nthawi dongosolo national ndalama, ambiri, kuthetsa mavuto, makamaka sanali phindu, koma pafupi ndi ntchito ya boma.

Bank State ndipo sanali amati: kusiyana chachikulu

Mtengo gawo la dziko anali banki - yekha ofunda amadziwika. Boma akumeneko mabanki ndi malonda kukongoza mabungwe osiyana Chrixitu chifukwa zinthu zina zambiri - anachititsa, monga ulamuliro, kuchita ntchito. Zotsatirazi zingathe kudziŵika. State Bank zambiri amapereka ngongole ndi ndalama chidwi m'munsi kuposa kuti mabungwe payekha ndalama. Chifukwa chake - mikhalidwe yabwino ntchito, amayenda ndi boma.

makampani maudindo amenewa palibe aliyense amapereka, ndipo amakakamizidwa zoperewerazo zomvetsa chifukwa mitengo chinawonjezeka chidwi. Magombe boma m'munsi chiwongola dzanja pa madipoziti kuposa mabungwe mseri, ndipo Izinso zomveka: woyamba ndi kukhulupirira chikhalidwe cha anthu, pamene yotsirizira amakakamizidwa kukopa likulu ntchito. Boma akumeneko mabanki, monga ulamuliro, ndi mosavuta mu mapangidwe ndondomeko tariff pa zanyumba chifukwa zochepetsera chiopsezo (chimene chotsatira cha amalembedwa chithandizo ŵakwenera anapereka boma).

History: The Bank State wa Russian Ufumu

Zikamera a mabanki boma akumeneko si chokhudzana ndi nyengo zokomera pamene boma linkalamulira chilichonse, kuphatikizapo mabungwe ngongole. Dongosolo banki, ndi otsogolera a boma mu Russia kale. The zinachitika a mabanki ano boma akumeneko akhala otchedwa boma akumeneko bungwe (amene anaonekera kwa zaka za m'ma XVIII). Mwa odziwika - "Bank Loan" (anakhazikitsidwa mu 1733), "Bank Loan" kwa anthu otchuka ndi "Bank kwa malonda ndi amalonda" (onse anaonekera mu 1754-m). Choona chidwi ndi mabungwe onse atatu akukumana ndi "ngongole zoyipa" ndipo zinatha chifukwa chakuti kubweza ngongole.

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XVIII panali boma akumeneko mabanki, kutenga madipoziti (omwetsera neri Consignations), pali mchitidwe likulu kudzikundikira likuvutika madipoziti. Mu 1786 izo anakhazikitsa "State dziko banki", komwe anayamba prototypes mapulogalamu kubweza masiku ano ntchito. Woyamba ndalama kutengerapo mu ufumu Russian anaonekera pa chiyambi cha m'ma XIX. Iwo anayamba "National malonda Bank". M'katikati mwa m'ma mabungwe ngongole mwachangu privatized, gawo la boma utachepa pamaso pa iwo. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa m'ma makumi awiri, osachepera khumi boma mabanki anakhalabe mu Russia, opareshoni mozungulira 50 payekha mabungwe ena azachuma, mazana angapo ndalama chithandizo mwagwirizana gulu, zikwi mayanjano yaing'ono. Pambuyo 1917, dongosolo la mabungwe ngongole kakusintha ndi kukonzanso lalikulu.

History: The boma dongosolo banki mu USSR

The Bolsheviks analengezeratu okhawo yekha mphamvu banki ya. mabungwe kukongoza malonda anali nationalized. Tonga bungwe ndalama ya dziko la pa "Bank Anthu a RSFSR" mlandu Commissariat, ntchito mabungwe akunja anali oletsedwa. Mu zaka zingapo akuluakulu Soviet kuthokoza mabungwe kupereka ena ufulu, koma pa mapeto a 20-ntchentche za ntchito yawo kwenikweni ndi subspecies kwambiri popanga mapulani dziko. The "State Bank wa USSR", mu chimango cha mzere chipani kudziletsa pa issuance wa ngongole, kuvomereza madipoziti.

Cha m'ma 20 m'zaka mu USSR zinayenda pang'ono ndithu mabungwe ngongole. Waukulu anali "State Bank", "Kumanga Bank", "VTB", komanso banki ndalama. Mu zaka za perestroika, panali ena makampani gawo ndalama - "ICB", "Zhilsotsbank", "Agroprom" ndi "Bank ndalama". Izo analengedwa ndi bungwe ngongole kwa msonkhano wotuluka malonda yachilendo - "Vnesheconombank". Pofika kumayambiriro 90s 'panali malamulo amene analenga dongosolo banki kuti ali pafupi zenizeni ano.

History: mabanki boma akumeneko mu Russia lero

Chilamulo "Pa Banks ndi Ntchito banki ya Russian Federation" anavomera pambuyo kugwa kwa USSR, linapeza kuti pali "chapakati banki", ali ndi "ndalama Bank", komanso palokha makampani. Yotsirizira akhacita pamaziko a chiphatso cha Bank ku Central, anali woyenera kukhazikitsa mitengo awo chidwi ndi kupanga wotuluka ndalama. chiwerengero cha mabungwe amenewa wakula ndi leaps ndi malire, iwo anaonekera mazana ochepa chaka. Kukhazikitsidwa ndalama izi "mabanki mwachangu" sizinali zabwino kwambiri, ambiri inawonongeka. Khola kwambiri, anali Russian boma akumeneko mabanki.

History: waukulu boma banki ya dziko

"Sberbank" - boma akumeneko banki, imatengedwa kampani kutsogolera Russia, ali pabwino wokha ngati bungwe ndi mbiri ya oposa theka zaka: mu 1841 ndi lamulo la Mfumu Nicholas Ine, panali ndalama mabanki ku Russia. ntchito yawo "ankalimbikitsa" pakati pa nzika za boma, anauzidwa, kodi ubwino madipoziti. Mu nyengo patsogolo ulimi mu mabungwe miliyoni angapo chikalata passbooks, panali zikwi zingapo mabanki ndalama. Ngakhale kutembenuka kovuta mu zaka zoyambirira za zomangamanga zokomera, maofesi athandiza chuma dziko. Makamaka pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, pamene nzika akhoza ruble kuthandiza kutsogolo, ndipo pambuyo - kubwezeretsa chuma anawonongedwa.

Ndalama mabanki analipo kale kusintha a dongosolo banki mu mochedwa '80s - ndi pamene panali ngongole bungwe ndi dzina bwino - "ndalama Bank", boma, ngakhale msika mumaganiza wa kukonzanso. ATMs poyamba. Makamaka chifukwa anayamba pa Soviet zomangamanga nyengo, "Sberbank la Russia" wakhala mabungwe akuluakulu ngongole ya dziko.

Ntchito mabanki boma akumeneko kwa chuma

nthawi Socialist pambuyo pathu, tsopano dziko lathu akumanga chuma capitalist. Zingatanthauze kuti zilibe kanthu kuti boma mabanki, amene ali gawo ena a mwini. Pali Komabe, mwa chuma amazionera, si choncho. chakuti zofuna za mabanki payekha, monga ulamuliro, musati kumatsutsana nthawi zambiri ndi dziko: yotsirizira zikutanthauza kuti njira ndalama si kwambiri wolemedwa chuma ndi anthu kulandira utumiki chokwanira cha ngongole ndi madipoziti. mabanki malonda, nayenso, amasamala za phindu ndi udindo chikhalidwe mu nzeru zawo chimazirara kukhala maziko. Iwo amasangalala fanning kufufuma, zomwe zimachititsa kuti munthu ofuna ndalama, amadwala chidwi, akuchuluka mu inflow likulu zongopeka ku mabanki. chuma ndi chikhalidwe dziko la bata pa nthawi yomweyo akhozanso kukopeka ndi mavuto. Izo siziri mu chidwi a boma ndipo si koyenera kuti anthu ambiri. Choncho, pofuna kukhazikika mu dziko likusowa boma mabanki Russian. Kukhalapo ngati sizikutsutsana ndi mfundo za chuma msika: mabanki boma akumeneko mbali yofunika kwambiri mu anayamba m'mayiko a Azungu.

Ntchito zoipa za mabanki boma akumeneko kwa chuma

Pali mawonedwe amene adakali umagwiritsidwa ntchito zina zoipa zochitika a mabanki boma, chuma cha dziko. Zaka zingapo zapitazo, akatswiri kusanthula machitidwe banki ya mayiko angapo dazeni pa nkhani za ubale pakati pa ntchito mabanki boma ndi kuchepekedwa bajeti (ie, mlingo wa ngongole anthu). Kunapezeka kuti udindo wa boma pa ngongole yachilendo m'munsi m'mayiko mabungwe ngongole ambiri payekha.

Kodi mabanki ndi nawo boma achita otsogolera mu ngongole boma, pafupifupi, chifukwa cha 45% ya GDP. M'mayiko chogwidwa ndi mabungwe malonda chuma, udindo pa ngongole yachilendo pansi 7%. The kuchepekedwa bajeti Komabe, pang'ono apamwamba limati kumene chogwidwa ndi mabungwe kukongoza payekha, koma osati kwambiri - za 0.4% ya GDP.

State mabanki kunja: zinachitikira German

Germany - m'dziko limene boma mabanki ndi osiyana kwambiri mchitidwe zochita zawo kwa mseri, ngakhale kuti mtundu wachiwiri wa mabungwe - ambiri. Ntchito yaikulu anaikizidwa German mabanki boma akumeneko - akukongoza ntchito amene ali zogwirizana ndi chuma lonse. Mu German mabanki boma akumeneko angathe apereke ngongole m'malo wokongola bizinesi: mitengo ya dongosolo la 1.5-2% pa annum. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ndalama zakunja angathe kuwerenga pa zinthu izi, inu muyenera kuonetsa bungwe ngongole kuti ntchito amatha kulenga sizeable chiwerengero cha ntchito ndipo adzapindula ndi German chuma.

Pali German boma akumeneko mabanki, ngati zingamvekere wosangalatsa, ngongole popanda chiwongoladzanja, ndipo ngakhale iwo amene angathe, akamaziwononga, osati kubwerera. mfundo zonsezi zikusonyeza kuti mzere wolekanitsa pakati pa mtundu wa "boma banki" ndi bungwe ngongole umwini pawekha anayamba capitalist Germany kuli kutchulidwa kuposa Russia.