Sulfated asidi: chilinganizo ndi mankhwala katundu

Mmodzi wa zidulo woyamba mchere, amene anadziwika kwa munthu - ndi chidulo cha safuriki, kapena sulphate. Sikuti izo, koma ambiri salt zake ntchito zomangamanga, mankhwala, adzasowa chakudya ndi zolinga luso. Padakali chikutanthauza kanthu zasintha. makhalidwe angapo kuti ali ndi asidi sulphate, kumakhala kosavuta singasiyanitsidwe mu syntheses mankhwala. Komanso, pafupifupi m'magulu onse a makampani ndi moyo tsiku ntchito salt zake. Choncho, tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane chiyani komanso zimene ndi makhalidwe anasonyeza katundu.

A zosiyanasiyana mayina

Tiyeni tiyambe ndi choona kuti mayina izi kanthu kwambiri. Mwa iwo amene anapanga ndi nomenclature zomveka, ndipo iwo amene ali mbiri yakale. Choncho, pawiri izi amatchedwa:

• asidi sulphate;
• vitriol;
• chidulo cha safuriki;
• oleum.

Ngakhale kuti mawu akuti "oleum" si kwathunthu oyenera thunthu chifukwa chisakanizo cha asidi sulfuric ndi okusayidi apamwamba sulfure - CHONCHO _3.

Acid sulphate: chilinganizo maselo ndi kapangidwe

Ku maganizo a achidule mankhwala kulemba chilinganizo asidi izi zingakhale choncho: H _{2 4.} N'zoonekeratu kuti molekyulu wapangidwa ndi cations awiri hydrogen ndi asidi zotsalira anion - sulphate ion ndi mlandu 2+.

Potero mkati molekyulu, ndi kulankhulana zotsatirazi:

• covalent kumalo ozizira pakati sulfure ndi mpweya;
• covalent kwambiri kumalo ozizira pakati hydrogen ndi asidi zotsalira CHONCHO _4.

Sera ndi 6 ma elekitironi unpaired ndipamene maunyolo awiri awiri kuti maatomu awiri oxygen. Ngakhale ndi banja - umodzi, ndipo iwo nawonso - ndi wa hydrogen umodzi. Chifukwa cha dongosolo la maselo chololera kukhala silamphamvu. Pa nthawi yomweyo, cation wa hydrogen ndi mafoni kwambiri ndi osavuta kupitako, chifukwa sulfure ndi mpweya ndi yokulirapo mu electronegativity. Kukoka elekitironi kachulukidwe lokha, kupereka wa hydrogen tsankho mlandu zabwino, zimene detaching chokwanira. Choncho anapanga njira asidi amene ali H ^+.

Ponena za limati makutidwe ndi okosijeni a zinthu mu mpanda, ndi asidi sulphate chilinganizo momwe H _{2 4,} mosavuta akulola mawerengedwe a: Y wa hydrogen 1, Y -2 mpweya, sulfure pa +6.

Monga molekyulu aliyense mlandu ukonde ndi ziro.

History of anapeza

asidi sulphate amadziwika kuti anthu kuyambira nthawi yakale kwambiri. Ngakhale asayansi anali angathe kulandira ichi njira zosiyanasiyana calcining sulphate. Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma IX, anthu talandira ndi ntchito mankhwala. Kenako mu Europe Albertus Magnus anaphunzira wachotsa asidi mu ndondomeko ya kuwonongeka kwa sulphate chitsulo.

Komabe, palibe njira sanali opindulitsa. Ndiye iwo adzakhala wodziwika otchedwa kaphatikizidwe chipinda chimake. Pakuti sulfure ili kuyaka ndi nitrate, ndi nthuzi kusanduka odzipereka madzi. Chifukwa, asidi sulphate anapanga.

Komabe pambuyo pake, British anapeza njira yotsika mtengo apeza chinthu. Ife tinkakonda galasi - FeS _2, pyrites chitsulo. yowotcha ake ndipo anayamba anachita ndi mpweya komabe ndinu mmodzi wa njira zofunika kwambiri mafakitale kwa kaphatikizidwe wa asidi sulfuric. zomangira yaiwisi mosavuta, zotchipa komanso khalidwe kupanga buku lalikulu.

thupi katundu

Pali zingapo zimene mungachite, kuphatikizapo kunja, omwe ndi osiyana ndi asidi sulphate ena. thupi katundu akhoza kutchulidwa mfundo zingapo:

1. M'mikhalidwe muyezo - madzi.
2. Mu mkhalidwe kuikapo maganizo ndi katundu, wochuluka, amene ankatchedwa 'mafuta a vitriol ".
3. Mankhwala kachulukidwe - 1,84 g / masentimita ^3.
4. Ilibe mtundu kapena kununkhiza.
5. Iwo ali wamphamvu "mkuwa" kukoma.
6. Amasungunula mu madzi bwino, mbwee.
7. Hygroscopic, ndi wokhoza kugwila onse madzi ufulu ndi kuchuluka kwa zimakhala ndi.
8. The nonvolatile.
9. Kuwira mfundo - 296 ° ^C.
10. Kusungunuka pa 10,3 ^° C

Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pawiri izi umatha hydrate ndi kutulutsidwa kwa wambirimbiri kutentha. N'chifukwa chake ngakhale kusukulu, ana amaphunzitsidwa kuti madzi anawonjezera kuti asidi Mulimonsemo n'zosatheka, koma basi zosiyana. Ndipotu, madzi ndi opepuka mu osalimba, chomwechonso izo kudziunjikira padziko. Ngati kwambiri kuwonjezera ku chidulo, anachita chifukwa kupasuka kunja mphamvu kwambiri kuti madzi wayamba wiritsani ndi sprayed pamodzi ndi particles wa chinthu choopsa. Zingayambitse zilonda zamoto mankhwala kwa khungu la manja.

Iwo tiyenera kukhala kwapang'onopang'ono kutsanulira asidi madzi, ndiye osakaniza anali usavutike kwambiri, koma otentha zimachokeradi, motero akuwaza kwambiri.

katundu mankhwala

Amazionera mankhwala, asidi ili ndi mphamvu, makamaka ngati ndi anaikira njira. Iwo dibasic Koma stepwise dissociates kupanga gidrosulfat- ndi sulphate anion.

Ambiri, mogwirizana ake ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana amakumana zochita zonse zoyambirira ankaikira kalasi zinthu. Pali zitsanzo za maikwezhoni zingapo zomwe nawo asidi sulphate. katundu mankhwala ali akuwonetseredwa mu mogwirizana ake ndi:

• salt;
• oxides zitsulo ndi hydroxides;
• oxides amphoteric ndi hydroxides;
• zitsulo ataima mu mndandanda electrochemical kuti haidrojeni.

Monga Chifukwa ankachita pafupifupi milandu onse kuphatikizapo zikutanthauza anapangidwa wa asidi (sulfates), kapena acidic (haidrojeni sulfates).

Mbali yapadera ndi chakuti zitsulo kudacita Ine + H _{2 4} = MeSO ₄ + H ₂ ↑ njira ya thunthu amachitira, i.e. kuchepetsa acid. Ngati tingakhale ndi kuikapo maganizo kapena kwambiri zimalimbikitsa (oleum), mankhwala anachita zosiyana.

katundu Special asidi sulfuric

Zikuphatikizapo chabe anaikira njira mogwirizana ndi zitsulo. Motero, pali chithunzi chosonyeza mfundo lonse la motero:

1. Ngati zitsulo ndi yogwira, chifukwa ndi mapangidwe sulphide wa hydrogen, salt ndi madzi. Kuti, sulfure yafupika -2.
2. Ngati ntchito avareji zitsulo, chifukwa - sulfure, mchere ndi madzi. Kuti ndi kumasuka kwa ion sulphate ndi ufulu sulfure.
3. Zitsulo otsika ntchito mankhwala (pambuyo wa hydrogen) - woipa sulfure, mchere ndi madzi. The sulfa m'magawo makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma +4.

Komanso katundu wapadera sulphate zidulo ndi luso oxidize ena osakhala zitsulo boma awo apamwamba makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndipo anatani ndi mankhwala zovuta oxidizing iwo ndi zinthu zophweka.

Njira yopangira makampani

Sulphate ndondomeko asidi sulfuric wapangidwa ndi mitundu zofunikira ziwiri:

• pini;
• nsanja.

Onse ndi njira ambiri makampani padziko lonse. Chimake choyamba zachokera ntchito monga zipangizo chitsulo pyrites kapena galasi sulfure - FeS _2. Okwana pali magawo atatu:

1. Calcination a zipangizo kupanga monga mankhwala a kuyaka kwa woipa sulfure.
2. Kudutsa mpweya izi kudzera mpweya pa vanadium chothandizira kupanga sulfure trioxide - CHONCHO _3.
3. Mayamwidwe nsanja ikuchitika Kutha kwa anhydride mu njira asidi sulphate ndi mkulu ndende njira mapangidwe - oleum. lolemera kwambiri wochuluka wandiweyani madzi.

A chimake chachiwiri - pafupifupi chimodzimodzi, koma oxides asafe ntchito monga chothandizira. Kumbali ya magawo monga mankhwala khalidwe, mtengo ndi mowa mphamvu, chiyero cha zipangizo, ntchito, njira yoyamba mtima kwambiri ndi chokondweretsa, choncho ntchito nthawi zambiri.

kaphatikizidwe zasayansi

Ngati mukufuna asidi sulfuric zedi yaing'ono kukayezetsa choyezera, njira yabwino kucheza ndi sulfide wa hydrogen anafooka zitsulo sulfates.

Mu milandu, mapangidwe sulfide akakhala ndi aumbike monga chochokera kwa asidi sulfuric. Maphunziro yaing'ono mwina ngati ndi abwino, koma chiyero cha asidi ngati sipadzakhala osiyana.

Komanso zasayansi kungakhale yankho Mkhalidwe zothetsera ndi sulphate. The reagent ambiri ndi mankhwala enaake a barium, kuyambira Ba ²⁺ ayoni pamodzi ndi anion sulphate precipitates mu precipitate woyera - barite mkaka: H _{2 4} + BaCL ₂ = 2HCL + BaSO ₄ ↓

Mchere ambiri

Sulfated acid ndi sulfates amene ndipamene, ndi mankhwala zofunika zosiyanasiyana mafakitale ndi banja, kuphatikizapo chakudya. The zambiri sulfuric asidi salt ndi izi:

1. Gypsum (Alabasitala, selenite). Chemical dzina - amadzimadzi hydrated kashiamu sulphate. Chilinganizo: CaSO _4. Ndi ntchito zomangamanga, mankhwala, zamkati ndi makampani pepala, kupanga zibangili.
2. Barite (barytes). Barium sulphate. The njira ndi yamkaka precipitate. Mu mawonekedwe olimba - timibulu mandala. Ntchito zipangizo kuwala, X-ray poizoni kupanga ndi ❖ kuyanika chimateteza.
3. Mirabilite (mchere Glauber a). Chemical dzina - crystalline ndi sodium sulphate decahydrate. Chilinganizo: Na _{2 4} * 10H ₂ O. Izo ntchito mankhwala monga mankhwala ofewetsa tuvi tolimba.

Munthu angathe tchulani monga zitsanzo za salt ambiri amene ali ndi tanthauzo othandiza. Komabe, tatchulawa - ambiri.

kraft mowa

mankhwala ndi njira zomwe aumbike mwa mankhwalawa matenthedwe nkhuni, i.e. mapadi. Cholinga cha nkhani imeneyi - kupeza mowa wake sopo ndi yothetsa. Mipweya ya mowa sulfate ndi motere:

• lignin;
• hydroxy;
• monosaccharides;
• phenols;
• resins;
• ndi loopsali mafuta zidulo;
• sulfides, chlorides, carbonates ndi sulfates wa sodium wochuluka.

Pali mitundu iwiri yaikulu ya zipangizo: woyera ndi wakuda kraft mowa. White amapita ku zamkati ndi pepala mafakitale ndi wakuda ntchito wakuda mowa sopo mu makampani.

ofunsira Main

Kupanga pachaka asidi sulfuric ndi 160 miliyoni. Matani pa chaka. Ichi ndi chithunzi yofunika kwambiri, zomwe zikusonyeza kufunika ndi kuchuluka kwa pawiri izi. Pali mafakitale angapo ndipo malo m'pofunika ntchito sulphate asidi:

1. Batire monga electrolyte, makamaka patsogolo.
2. Zomera kumene sulphate fetereza umatulutsa. Zambiri za chidulo Umutu ndi kupanga mchere feteleza zomera. Choncho, ambabzala kwa kupanga asidi sulfuric ndi kupanga feteleza zambiri kumanga pafupi.
3. Makampani chakudya monga emulsifier, ndipo anasankha E513 code.
4. Ambiri organic kaphatikizidwe ngati wothandizira dehydrating, ndi chothandizira. Choncho analandira mabomba, resins, detergents, nayiloni, polypropylene ndi ethylene, utoto, ulusi mankhwala, esters ndi mankhwala ena.
5. Ntchito Zosefera ayeretsedwe madzi ndi kupanga madzi otchezedwa.
6. Ntchito mu m'zigawo ndi processing wa zinthu osowa ku miyalayo.

Komanso kwambiri asidi sulfuric yaikulu pa mayesero choyezera, kumene inatulutsidwa kudzera m'deralo.