TGP njira. njira nkhani ndi chiphunzitso cha boma ndi malamulo

M'zaka za m'ma XXI udindo wa malamulo ochuluka kukula, chifukwa lamanja imakhudzanso pafupifupi m'magulu onse a moyo pagulu. Zimenezi zimadalira zabwino, chifukwa mwa lamulo malamulo a Boma osati kwa anthu onse, komanso nzika payekha. Komabe, tisaiwale kuti mchitidwe yamakono ya malamulo kumathandiza zofunika ongolankhula m'munda malamulo. Chifukwa cha iwo, nachita achilamulo ndi mwayi onse kwambiri ndi bwino ntchito lamulo mu zochitika zenizeni moyo. Komanso, theorists malamulo zonse chikusintha limagwirira ntchito za lamulo. State limagwirira kwambiri ndi ntchito yapamwamba ya malamulo. Chifukwa digiri yapamwamba ya kumbali mphamvu chapakati mofulumira ndi zolondola amazilamulira njira zonse zikuchitika mu dziko. A ambiri kudziwa ongolankhula wapanga pa nthawi, ndi sayansi kuti ndi lofunika kwambiri pa ndondomeko ya akukonzekera ntchito malamulo.

Chiphunzitso cha State ndi Chilamulo - ganizo

Chiphunzitso ambiri a boma ndi malamulo - ndi sayansi lofunika m'masukulu ambiri malamulo. Ndipotu nthambi ili la sayansi chinapangidwa ndi kudzikundikira ambiri ziphunzitso ndi mumaganiza kuti imakhudzana ndi chitukuko cha limagwirira boma la chamoyo, ufulu, mogwirizana zonse zinthu izi. Komanso, kuthokoza kwa chiphunzitso cha State ndi Chilamulo (hereinafter - THP), anapanga ena mafakitale. Choncho, THP - ndi "zopangira" umene "kubadwa" odziwika bwino tsiku zinchito ndi sayansi nthambi ya sayansi malamulo. Ponena za kufufuza ku munda, iwo akutsatiridwa ndi kuganizira njira zamakono za boma ndi malamulo limagwirira, kutenga nkhani mbali zonse lothandiza mbiri. Chifukwa TGP chikhoza kukhala nthawi yaitali njira ya chitukuko cha mafakitale lamulo lililonse.

TGP - Soviet mizu sayansi

Tikumbukenso mizu Soviet a amalanga monga chiphunzitso cha boma ndi malamulo. Science unakhazikitsidwa mu masiku a Soviet Union ndi masukulu ake miyambo malamulo ndi kaphatikizidwe mfundo anayamba m'minda ofanana sayansi. Pakuti ambiri a TGP - mwambo kuti analengedwa kuti ulimi wa chidziwitso ongolankhula madokotala tsogolo malamulo. M'maiko a ku Ulaya ndi West si kuphunzira. Lingaliro la sayansi zokambidwa ndi mafakitale ena. Zimenezi n'zosadabwitsa, chifukwa nkhani ya chiphunzitso cha boma ndi malamulo lili zosiyanasiyana sayansi, ndicho chiphunzitso cha boma (a boma, zimayambitsa boma, mitundu ya modes, etc.) ndi chiphunzitso cha lamulo (loukitsa ndi mfundo za lamulo ladziko, magwero a chilamulo , malamulo udindo ndi kutanthauzira za chilamulo, etc.). Chidwi ndi nkhani ya sayansi zikuchulukirachulukira zambiri chaka chilichonse, monga kwakukulukulu kukodzedwa kuphunzira ziphunzitso za udindo wa onse malamulo ndi boma.

Phunziro la chiphunzitso cha boma ndi malamulo

Monga sayansi ena ambiri malamulo, kufupi ndi malongosoledwe a TGP chinthu lili maganizo chifukwa asayansi kuika patsogolo chiphunzitso cha kwapadera za gulu. Plus, phunziro la sayansi THP ali peculiarities yake, zomwe akambirana nthawi ina nkhaniyi. Pankhani ya chakudya muyezo phunziro la sayansi malamulo, kumaphatikizapo angapo mbali, amene umboni amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, kuphunzira TGP moyenerera amatchedwa:

1) Ubale wa boma ndi chilamulo monga chinthu chosiyana ndi ufulu kwakukulukulu popangidwa ndi anthu.

2) limagwirira la mapangidwe ndi chitukuko cha boma ndi malamulo.

3) Fomu, mbali, makhalidwe ndi mbali zakutizakuti za boma ndi malamulo.

4) Udindo wa magulu awa anthu, dongosolo la ndale.

5) chilungamo, pravorealizatsii, lamulo ndi mode malamulo.

6) The normative ndi malamulo ndondomeko.

7) Kupatsila Chilamulo mode.

8) udindo.

Poganizira anatchula zinthu structural nkhani za boma ndi malamulo, amatha kusiyanitsa mbali makamaka, miyambo ndi mfundo za sayansi kuti tsiku. Koma choyamba muyenera kuganizira mbali imodzi ya nkhani TGP.

Limatchula za chiphunzitso nkhani za boma ndi malamulo

Iwo ayenera kumvetsa kuti chiphunzitso phunziro la chilamulo Si dongosolo mfundo, komanso wamphamvu, komanso zigawo zake payekha.

Mbali imeneyi Tingaone mu zamoyo zonse za ziphunzitso ndi malingaliro ntchito mu gawo la sayansi. Mwachitsanzo, mu zolemba za Soviet theorists boma ndi malamulo tcheru kwambiri pamaphunziro a ulamuliro proletarian, boma ndi zaboma zabwino. Ndithu mbali zosiyanasiyana zastragivayutsya m'mabuku a akatswiri a chi, amene powasamalira kwambiri mfundo monga chikhalidwe, boma demokalase udindo waukulu wa chilamulo ndiwo a lamulo ndi zina zotero. Choncho lothandiza mbiri kwakukulukulu zimakhudza maganizo motsimikiza wa gulu lomwelo ku kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zosiyanasiyana, monga mapepala onse sayansi olembedwa ndi asayansi, anthu. Mogwirizana ndi kusintha nthawi zonse, osati anthu komanso maganizo a aliyense, sanadabwe ndi kusintha mu masomphenya a mbali yomweyo ongolankhula a boma ndi malamulo.

njira TGP

Mutu ndi njira THP - Mfundo imeneyi inextricably zogwirizana. inawo aumbike mchikakamizo cha chinthu kuphunzira. njira TGP akhoza conventionally ankayimiridwa ngati limagwirira limodzi, dzina "njira". Mawu amenewa amanena ya njira, njira, zida zosiyanasiyana zomwe kuthandiza kufufuza nkhani za sayansi TGP. njira TGP ntchito osati mu ndondomeko kukhala mfundo zatsopano ndi kuwongolera anthu alipo, komanso m'dera la chilango chiphunzitso cha lamulo. Tikumbukenso kuti njira iliyonse ndi wapadera ndi chidwi, koma iwo okha sangathe kwathunthu kuyankha mafunso onse, pamene wina amafufuza siyana chofunika ndi zovuta monga boma ndi malamulo. Choncho, njira ya - dongosolo njira azigwirizana.

njira ya gulu

Asayansi lero kuponderezera kwambiri homogeneous magulu njira THP. Njira imeneyi zimathandiza kuganizira mlingo wa kufunika ndi mphamvu ya kuphunzira njira ya mafunso ena ongolankhula. Pali magulu atatu waukulu njira, akuti:

- General sayansi (gulu kumaphatikizapo njira kuti zimapezeka osati sayansi ya boma ndi malamulo, komanso kumabungwe ena, sikuti malamulo).

- chastnonauchnogo (njira, omwe kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mabizinesi okhudzana ndi nthambi zokhudza chilamulo).

- Special (gulu njira yekha malamulo, amene amathandiza mbali yofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha jurisprudence).

Kumvetsa mmene kuchita umene gulu, m'pofunika kuganizira padera.

njira Scientific THP

njira Scientific ntchito osati mu sayansi ndi chiphunzitso cha boma ndi malamulo. Monga ulamuliro, iwo amagwiritsidwa ntchito zina amalanga ndi minda ena a sayansi kuti mudziwe zina. Njira System TGP ambiri sayansi malangizo - uyu ndi gawo loyamba la phunzirolo, chifukwa chimene mfundo odziwika akhoza kuwasiyanitsa. Komabe, mothandizidwa ndi njira sayansi ndi kovuta kuti mumve concretized za zimenezi kapena njira malamulo ndi boma ngakhale zikuoneka. Mwa njira sayansi Udindo:

- kupatsidwa ulemu;

- deduction;

- kuwunika ndi abstraction;

- mawerengeredwe;

- mfundo ndi kufanizitsa.

Akamanena za njira izi ndi zofunika "chakudya cha ganizo". M'mawu ena, ntchito maluso ambiri sayansi ndi njira analenga "mafupa" ziphunzitso tsogolo ndi mfundo mu TGP. Mitundu wapadera njira mwina zina sayansi ambiri, motero kupanga lonse njira yatsopano kuphunzira nkhani iliyonse.

chastnonauchnogo njira System

njira Chastnonauchnogo ntchito milandu pamene m'pofunika kufufuza chodabwitsa chimene chili "mwa" sayansi angapo. Mwachidule, chastnonauchnogo njira - njira kuphunzira, anatengedwa kuchokera amalanga osiyana. Amathandiza kuona yowona zambiri chithunzi cha ntchito akuphunziridwa ndi gulu la chikoka pa izo kwa zinthu zina zenizeni. Choncho, pali njira zotsatirazi:

- kandalama ndi zinchito. Zimene kuphunzira njira zambiri amatithandiza kuona kuti sayansi, komanso kumvetsetsa ntchito zake limagwirira malamulo kapena boma. Komanso, komanso amasonyeza mbali ya aliyense amafotokozera.

- System njira mwachuluka wofanana ndi tafotokozazi. Zimasonyezanso limagwirira ikufotokozanso osati pa zinthu payekha ndiponso udindo wawo, ndi pa zochita za dongosolo lonse. Choncho, tikuona zotsatira pa nkhani ya zovuta zinthu.

- Mothandizidwa ndi njira sociological, mukhoza kuona udindo ndi magwiridwe a malamulo ndi boma m'dziko lapansi. Komanso, ili njira zovuta chifukwa Pamafunikanso chiwerengero cha kwambiri chidwi njira kuphunzira: kuonerera, kafukufuku ndi kumutsatira.

- njira Psychological kwa maphunziro ambiri a khalidwe malamulo a anthu ndi misa chikhalidwe.

- Chofunika kwambiri ntchito yomwe njira yakale. Ingakuthandizeni kuyerekezera ziphunzitso alipo, ndi kuwona njira ya chitukuko awo, kuti kubwereza kale kamodzi zinachitikira m'tsogolo. M'mawu ena, njira zakale - njira kuphunzira malamulo a boma ndi malamulo.

ndi udindo ankaimba ndi njira yapadera iti?

njira yapadera ya sayansi TGP Iwo kiyi. Ndi thandizo lawo, lero tinganene kuti kuli chiphunzitso cha boma ndi chilamulo monga mafakitale ndi ufulu wodzilamulira kwathunthu sayansi ndi malamulo. Special Njira THP - mndandanda wa njira ndi njira, amene anaphunzira okha zinthu malamulo ndi boma. Asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira kuti chiwerengero cha wapadera njira ndi luso zinayamba chifukwa cha ntchito ya malamulo madokotala, amene amangokhalira Kuwonjezera awo chidziwitso, chifukwa moyo uli chilili.

njira yapadera ndi chiphunzitso cha boma ndi malamulo

zotsatirazi akhoza zimachitika njira yapadera:

- yokhala ndi malamulo. Izi "tingachipeze powerenga" njira zambiri jurisprudence. Ndi kupatsa, wachinsinsi, anamasulira mfundo zatsopano za sayansi zimene zimachitika sayansi chi malamulo.

- The poyerekeza malamulo njira - njira kuona ziyembekezo ndi zolakwa za malamulo, udindo limagwirira malamulo, malamulo ufulu boma chuma poyerekezera ndi mabungwe ofanana ndi njira, amene tsopano kwambiri mu dziko.

Anapereka njira ziwiri chikhalidwe kwambiri. Pali njira yapadera, monga mfundo, kutanthauzira, ufumu limodzi la malamulo, etc. chakuti nkhaniyi ndi njira TGP ali inextricably zogwirizana, nthawi zambiri porazhdaet zatsopano, nzeru analandira njira methodological.

ndi ntchito ya THP chiyani?

Mu maphunziro a m'nkhaniyo mu pepala ya sayansi kuganiza kuti ntchito chiphunzitso cha lamulo kulibe, chifukwa sayansi akhala mwangwiro motsimikiza komanso alibe kugwirizana ndi mfundo zothandiza milandu boma. Komabe, anapezazo zimenezi si zizigwirizana zenizeni, chifukwa iwo ntchito sayansi mpaka pano. Science ndi lofunika Choncho anayamba mfundo makamaka bwanji makampani malamulo alipo.

TGP - Ntchito

Pa gawo lino la chitukuko cha sayansi maonekedwe a chiphunzitso cha boma ndi malamulo, ndicho zotsatirazi:

1) Onotologicheskaya. THP limayankha mafunso monga kodi chabwino ndi boma, ndipo kodi akamanena za magulu awa.

2) Ntchito epistemological ndi kukhala mfundo zatsopano sayansi ndi ziphunzitso.

3) heuristic - atulukira njira yatsopano zingamuthandize wa TGP chitukuko.

4) predictive.

5) maganizo, ndiko kuti, mmene pa kuzunza anthu ncholinga chakuti kudziwa zolondola zokhudza nkhani za sayansi.

6) Methodological.

Chifukwa magwiridwe yofunika ya sayansi opangidwa ndi chiphunzitso zofunika za chilamulo, chimene kwambiri kuthandiza mu ndondomeko ya kumanga demokalase anthu chikhalidwe.

Pomaliza

Choncho, m'nkhani ino, wolemba analankhula mwatsatanetsatane za zomwe ndi sayansi ya boma ndi malamulo, ndipo anasonyezanso chimango ake methodological ndi ntchito. Tikumbukenso angathe lalikulu la sayansi, kwenikweni zingathandize kuti anthu chikhalidwe malamulo ndi kuzindikira ntchito ka limagwirira boma.