Kodi mtengo ulova? Kodi kudziwa mlingo wa ulova mu dziko?

Kwa zaka zingapo mu mzere, akatswiri ena ndi akatswiri a zachuma kulosera isanayambike a zachuma ku Russia. Zimenezi kumatanthauza mavuto ambiri kwa nzika wamba, waukulu umene - mlingo ulova mu dziko. Kuphunzira nkhani gulu monga Rostrud - utumiki boma, kuthamanga ndi unduna wa Labor ndi Security Social.

Komabe, mlingo wa ulova sangathe kuonedwa ngati muyeso mtheradi mavuto dziko. Izi zidalira pa momwe kuwerengetsera anapangidwa. yakuti si onse magulu a anthu akhoza molimba zimachitika chiwerengero cha ulova. N'chifukwa chiyani zimenezi ndi mmene kudziwa mlingo wa ulova mu dziko? Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane.

Malingaliro ndi matanthauzo

Mawu akuti "ulova" amatanthauza imeneyi mwakhama mawu a zachuma a anthu kupeza ntchito analipira Choncho chinthucho chimakhala ngati zolemera katundu onse a anthu a boma. Linanena ndi Labor Organization International, lova - munthu amene akufuna ntchito ndipo ali ndi kuthekera thupi, koma sanapeze kuntchito makamaka.

Kuti bwino kuwerengetsa zizindikiro zonse, tiyenera kuyamba kugawa anthu lonse m'magulu 2:

1. Mwanzeru anafooka (EN) - onse nzika amene sangathe kuonedwa ngati anthu ogwira ntchito pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Njirazi ndi monga:

• sukulu ophunzira wanthawi zonse;
• adapuma, momwe pantchito ubwino m'munsi ntchito sikuthandiza;
• anthu chinkhoswe mu banja, kusamalira odwala, ana, choncho sangathe kugwira ntchito;
• anthu sankasangalala ndi ntchito yanu yakusaka ndi kusiya kuyesera;
• safuna kugwira ntchito kapena alibe kusowa.

2. Mwanzeru yogwira (EA) - wamphamvu anthu onse m'dzikomo, kale kukhala pantchito kapena pofunafuna yogwira ake. Mbali imeneyi komanso zina m'magulu awiri:

• otanganidwa (B) - nzika (amisinkhu) amene amagwira ntchito ndi kulipidwa chifukwa cha ntchito yawo, komanso amene amagwira ntchito zabwino Mwachitsanzo, ntchito ya makolo, ndi zopelekazi sanalandire;
• lova (B) - gawo a anthu ntchito, zaka, zomwe ziribe makalasi, amene alandira ndalama; zinachitikira umafuna ntchito ndi wokonzeka kuyamba ntchito yomweyo; amagwira kuyang'ana (amatumiza ntchito, amapita ku malo a ntchito kapena abwenzi, amapezeka fairs ntchito, etc ...); akuthamanga maphunziro (retraining) mwa ntchito ntchito.

Ambiri tinganene kuti mlingo ndi ulova amatanthauziridwa kuti chiŵerengero cha gulu yamasika takambiranazi chiwerengero cha EA (chuma yogwira anthu). Koma ife kulankhula za mtsogolo pang'ono.

Zinthu zokhudza mlingo wa ulova

Isanafike kudziwa mlingo wa ulova mu dziko, ndi kulankhula zimene zimakhudza index izi. Pa ulova umakhudza nambala yaikulu zinthu mu dziko, lomwe ndi zofunika zochepa:

• kukula kapena kuchepa kwa chuma;
• chiwerengero;
• ntchito zokolola;
• chilakolako cha anthu kusintha ntchito kapena kusintha ntchito;
• zifukwa chikhalidwe zofunika: kusaphunzira, mimba mowa, kapena kudalira mankhwala, etc.
• yobweretsa ndi kufunika kwa ntchito inayake.

More mwatsatanetsatane kufufuza zinthu izi, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ulova.

Ndi chiyani icho?

Aliyense amene akufuna kudziwa momwe kudziwa mlingo wa ulova mu dziko, ayenera kudziwa kuti chodabwitsa zimenezi ntchito zosiyanasiyana malinga ake mtundu. Ulova zingakhale:

• Zaufulu. Mtundu amagwirizana ndi chakuti anthu ena safuna kugwira ntchito pa zinthu zina, mwachitsanzo pa nthawi imene malipiro yafupika. Komanso, pali mfundo mu zachuma monga "ulova msampha". zodabwitsazi kumachitika pamene pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana mlingo wa ndalama munthu ukhala m'pang'ono, kaya zimachitikadi kapena ayi. Mwachitsanzo, pamene kuchuluka kwa phindu lolipiridwa ndi boma, ndi pafupifupi wofanana ndi malipiro akufuna. Imeneyi, ndi kuwalimbikitsa kuti ntchito anthu kulibe.
• Yaukapolo. Yodziwika ndi chakuti munthu amene ali ndi mtima wofuna ntchito ndi okonzeka kumenya, basi kupeza ntchito. Izi zimachitika pamene malipiro chenicheni kuposa zomwe zimathandiza kuti mgwirizano wa okwanira ndi akumufuna. Zimenezi zimabweretsa chakuti bwana ayamba upambana akumufuna.

Musanaganizire ulova akhoza kugawidwa mu mitundu 3:

• ndondomeko kumachitika pamene mechanization (zokha) kupanga akutitsogolera kuti zotsala wogwila ntchito kapena analibe ziyeneretso;
• nyengo khalidwe la ena mafakitale komwe ulimi ndi nthawi;
• Iwo amakhala ndi kobwereza cyclical kuchepa kupanga mu chigawo chomwe mufuna kapena dziko lonse.

Zambiri za maganizo

mfundo zina akhoza kusiyana mitundu ingapo:

• Mabungwe kumachitika pamene alowererepo zilumikizano za malonda kapena boma wakhala mitengo malipiro kuphwanya malamulo a chuma msika.
• Kandalama amapezeka kuthetsa chuma lotha ndi zochitika za kudzinenera latsopano zofuna zifunikira.
• The mikangano kugwirizana ndi kusintha yaufulu wa ntchito, linanena bungwe (kuchokera) kwa (c) umayi tchuthi, kusintha okhala, ndi zina zotero; Nthawi zambiri yochepa chikhalidwe.

Mukhozanso kuonetsetsa wina mitundu 2 ulova: mayina ndi chobisika. Koyamba ndi chiŵerengero cha anthu pantchito, mwalamulo anatengera chifukwa cha utumiki ntchito kwa chiwerengero cha anthu amphamvu. The chachiwiri limafotokoza chiwerengero cha anthu amene sanali mayina kapena ntchito yokhala okha, koma kwenikweni anatumiza patchuthi ndalama yake kuti mabuku m'munsi kupanga.

Mlingo ulova mu dziko: chilinganizo cha kuwerengetsa

Aliyense wa mitundu ali njira yakeyake mawerengedwe, koma ife kulankhula za chimake kwambiri ambiri. Chilinganizo cha kudziwa mlingo wa ulova chimaonetsera chiŵerengero cha chiwerengero cha ulova kwa chiwerengero cha anthu zachuma yogwira. Izo zikuwoneka ngati izi:

K = (B * 100%) / EA,

kumene EA = H + B (B - ntchito anthu; B - lova).

Apa mmene kudziwa mlingo wa ulova mu dziko. Ziwerengero ali analemba zachokera kuwerengetsera izi.

zotsatira zachuma

Aliyense amene ali ndi chidwi mmene kudziwa mlingo wa ulova mu dziko, ayenera kudziwa kuti zodabwitsazi kumatanthauza mokwanira kwambiri zotsatira zoipa. Kuyambira mfundo chuma view, akuchuluka mu ntchito zikusowa amatsogolera ndi kuwonjezeka Goszanyatosti thumba ndalama kwa malipiro phindu ulova kwa anthu akalembetse m'kaundula. Kuwonjezera chiwerengero lova amapanga zomvetsa kopeleka malipiro ndi misonkho ndalama, omwe ndi zachilendo: palibe ntchito, palibe malipiro, motero msonkho kulipira aliyense.

Wina zachuma zotsatira ulova ndi kuchepa mphamvu kugula wa nzika. Mogwirizana ndi imfa ya ntchito mpaka kalekale, anthu amakakamizidwa kuchepetsa ndalama zawo yochepa.

chinthu chikhalidwe

Mwa mavuto chikhalidwe angatchedwe mwapang'onopang'ono kunyoza anthu. Munthuyo ntchito, wotaya osati zasungidwa. N'kutaya luso, kudzikayikira, nthawi zambiri maganizo, zikhale zovuta kufufuza zina. Makamaka oopsa amenewa chodabwitsa pakati pa achinyamata, kumene kupanda zinachitikira ndi kuphunzitsa akatswiri kwambiri amachepetsa Mwina ntchito. Izi zikachitika, achinyamata gawo amafuna chimaposa kufufuza ntchito si ntchito, upandu.

Zinachitikira chuma m'mayiko otukuka limasonyeza kuti msika sangathe kupirira vuto ndekha. Mudzakhala amafuna alowererepo boma, kuthandizidwa ndi chithandizo chake.

ziwerengero

Malinga ndi chuma, vuto ndi kupanda ntchito mpaka kalekale kwambiri kapena zochepa m'deralo. M'mizinda ikuluikulu, izo pafupifupi sadamve, pamene matauni ang'onoang'ono ndi sing'anga-kakulidwe, titero pa periphery wa funso ndi pachimake ndithu. zolozerazi kungasokoneze pa mlingo ulova mu dziko.

Ziwerengero kuti mlingo kunsi kwa ulova wa anthu chimachititsa 1990 ndi 5.2%. Mwina, chikoka cha lamulo Union a Soviet chuma mwina anathetsa vutoli. Koma phindu pazipita chithunzi anafika mu 1998 (13.2%).

Mu chilungamo tisaiwale kuti zotsatira za malamulo onse opindulitsa pa zolozerazi, ndi 2007 mlingo ulova mu dziko (Kafukufuku akutitsimikizira nkhani imeneyi) zochepa 6.1%. M'tsogolo, zolozerazi fluctuated pa +/- 1.5-2% kuti 5.3% pofika cha 2014.

The odziŵa Russia kuti 2014-2015

Ndipo nanga bwanji lero? Kodi mlingo wa ulova mu dziko? Mu Russia, malinga ndi akatswiri, pali atangothamangitsidwa kumene kukula azilandira zodabwitsazi. Ichi ndi chifukwa kuchepa mitengo ndi mabuku kupanga ndi, monga Motero, kuchepetsa ogwira ntchito. Ndipo ngati kanjedza pa 5.5%, ali muno chuma, ndi mapeto a 2015 nduna mlingo ulova adzauka mofulumira ndi kufikira 6.4% analembedwa January chaka chino.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti kuwunika IMF chuma pafupifupi mwathunthu chikugwirizana ndi maganizo a akatswiri Russian. The zifukwa kwa lotereli mu msika ntchito Ndithu mavuto mu Eurozone, komanso, ndithudi, chigawo ndale. ziletso pa za chuma ndi Russia ndi bwino kungasokoneze kumabungwe ena a chuma, komanso amawateteza nambala yaikulu ndalama. Olimbikitsa n'chakuti, malinga ndi ziwerengero za IMF, ndi 2016 zinthu zinasintha pang'ono ndi mlingo ulova adzaleka ndi cipande peresenti a.