The kulunjika wa enzyme ndi: zoyimira ndi mbali ya ntchito

Mawu "enzyme" ali mizu Latin. Kumasulira amatanthauza "chotupitsa". The English anagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "enzyme" linachokera ku mawu achigiriki otanthauza chinthu chomwecho. Michere wotchedwa mapuloteni apadera. Iwo anapanga mu maselo ndi angathe imathandizira njira zako amuzolengedwa. M'mawu ena, iwo amachita catalysts kwachilengedwenso. Tiganizire moposera kuti akuimira kulunjika kwa michere. также будут описаны в статье. Mitundu ya kulunjika adzamva anafotokoza m'nkhani.

makhalidwe General

Chiwonetsero cha ntchito othandizira ena michere chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa angapo mankhwala omwe sanali mapuloteni chikhalidwe. Iwo akutchedwa cofactors. Iwo agawidwa m'magulu awiri: ayoni zitsulo ndi chiwerengero cha zinthu zochita kupanga komanso coenzymes (mankhwala organic).

limagwirira ntchito

Ndi chikhalidwe chawo mankhwala, michere ndi gulu la mapuloteni. Komabe, mosiyana ndi yamasika, Zofunikira funso muli malo yogwira. Ndi wapadera ya magulu zinchito wa zatsalira kwa amino acid. Iwo mosamalitsa zochokera mu mlengalenga chifukwa ukachenjede kapena quaternary Kapangidwe ka enzyme ndi. Mu malo wakhama pa chothandizira ndi gawo lapansi malo kumasulidwa. Last - chiri ndi chifukwa kulunjika kwa michere. The gawo lapansi ndi thunthu kuti amachita pa mapuloteni ndi. Poyamba ankaganiza kuti mogwirizana awo ikuchitika pa "loko ndi kiyi". M'mawu ena, malo yogwira ayenera mosamala zikugwirizana gawo lapansi. Panopa chogwidwa ndi kungoganizira osiyana. Zikuoneka kuti poyamba palibe machesi enieni, koma zikuoneka m'kupita kwa mogwirizana kwa zinthu. The chachiwiri - ndi chothandizira - malo amakhudza kulunjika kwa kanthu. Mu mawu ena, amasonyeza chikhalidwe cha zimene zolimira.

kapangidwe

michere onse anawagawa one- ndi ziwiri zikuluzikulu. Zoyambazo ndi dongosolo ofanana ndi kapangidwe ka mapuloteni yosavuta. Iwo ali yekha amino zidulo. Chachiwiri gulu - proteid - zikuphatikizapo mapuloteni ndipo sanali mapuloteni gawo. Last amachita coenzyme choyamba - apoenzyme. Last Mzimuyo gawo lapansi kulunjika wa enzyme ndi. Ndiko kuti, amachita ntchito ya gawo gawo lapansi mu malo yogwira. Coenzyme, motero, akutumikira monga dera othandizira. Zimatengera kulunjika kwa kanthu. Monga kumachititsa coenzymes mavitamini, zitsulo, ndi ena otsika mankhwala maselo kulemera.

catalysis

Zadzidzidzi chilichonse mankhwala anachita chifukwa kugunda kwa mamolekyulu zimavuta zinthu. kayendedwe awo mu dongosolo anatsimikiza ndi kukhalapo angathe ufulu mphamvu. zochita mankhwala ayenera mamolekyulu anatenga boma kusintha. M'mawu ena, iwo ayenera kukhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira kudutsa ndi mphamvu chotchinga. Akuimira osachepera kuchuluka kwa mphamvu opatsa mamolekyulu onse reactivity. catalysts onse, michere kuphatikizapo angathe kuchepetsa mphamvu chotchinga. Izi zimathandiza kupititsa patsogolo mofulumira zotani.

Zinthu zooneka kulunjika kwa michere?

Luso limeneli kumaonekera mathamangitsidwe wa yekha anachita yeniyeni. Michere zingakhudze limodzi ndi gawo lapansi chomwecho. Komabe, aliyense wa iwo kokha imathandizira zimene yeniyeni. Zimene kulunjika wa enzyme Tingaone mu pyruvate dehydrogenase zovuta. Ili ndi mapuloteni, okhudza PVC. Waukulu ndi: pyruvate dehydrogenase, pyruvate decarboxylase, acetyl. Zimene yokha akutchulidwa decarboxylation monga zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni wa STC. mankhwala amachita monga asidi acetic ake yogwira.

Gawo

Zotsatirazi mitundu ya michere chindunji:

1. Stereochemistry. Tisonyeza zimenezo mwa luso chinthu kukhudza wa stereoisomers ndi zotheka kwa gawo lapansi ndi. Mwachitsanzo, amatha kuchita fumaratgidrotaza fumarate. Komabe, zilibe bwanji CIS-isomer - asidi maleic.
2. Mtheradi. этого типа выражается в способности вещества влиять только на конкретный субстрат. The kulunjika kwa enzyme a mtundu imeneyi yafotokozedwera luso chinthu zimakhudzanso chabe gawo lapansi yeniyeni. Mwachitsanzo, sucrase amachitira yekha ndi sucrose, arginase - arginine ndi zina zotero.
3. Wachibale. в этом случае выражена в способности вещества влиять на группу субстратов, имеющих связь одинакового типа. The kulunjika kwa enzyme mu nkhani imeneyi yafotokozedwera luso chinthu zimakhudzanso gulu la magawo kukhala pa ubwenzi wa mtundu womwewo. Mwachitsanzo, alpha-amylase amachitira ndi glycogen ndi wowuma. Ali ndi mtundu kugwirizana glycoside. Trypsin, pepsin, chymotrypsin bwanji ambiri mapuloteni peputayidi gulu.

kutentha

в определенных условиях. Michere ali achindunji zinthu zina. Kwa ambiri a iwo zinthu zabwino kutenga kutentha kwa + 35 ... + 45 madigiri. Pamene kuwayika thunthu mu mawu a mitengo m'munsi, ntchito yake adzakhala ndichepe. Matenda amatchedwa kuti ndi inactivation kusintha. Pamene kutentha kwake limatuluka mphamvu anabwezeretsedwa. Akuti pamene wakumvera zinthu, kumene T ndi mfundo pamwamba kudzali inactivation. Komabe, mu nkhani iyi kudzakhala sizingasinthe, monga abwezeretsedwa ndi kutsitsa kutentha. Izi ndi chifukwa denaturation wa molekyulu ndi.

Mmene pH

The acidity wa woyang'anira molekyulu chimadalira. Motero, pH umakhudza ntchito ndi kulunjika kwa malo yogwira enzyme ndi. Akadakwanitsira acidity index aliyense mankhwala. Komabe, nthawi zambiri ndi 4-7. Mwachitsanzo, kwa alpha-amylase malovu acidity akadakwanitsira ndi 6.8. Pakali pano, pali zingapo kuchotserapo. The momwe akadakwanitsira acidity pepsin Mwachitsanzo, 1.5-2.0, chymotrypsin ndi trypsin - 8-9.

ndende

The puloteni zambiri alipo, ndi apamwamba a mlingo anachita. A mfundo yofanana angaonere ndi ulemu kwa gawo lapansi ndende. Komabe, theoretically anatsimikiza aliyense chinthu kukhathamitsa chandamale okhutira. Pamene malo onse yogwira ali wotanganidwa ndi gawo lapansi alipo. будет максимальной, вне зависимости от последующего добавления мишеней. Choncho kulunjika wa enzyme ndi munthu pazipita, kaya Kuwonjezera wotsatira wa mipherezero ndi.

Mankhwala owongolera

Iwo akhoza kugawidwa zoletsa ndi activators. Onse a magulu amenewa anawagawa nonspecific mosabisa. Mtundu dama avtivatoram zhelchnokislye salt (kwa lipase podzheluzhochnoy England), ayoni chlorine (alpha-amylase), acid amathiridwa (kwa pepsin). activators Nonspecific ndi mankhwala enaake a ayoni zimene zimakhudza kinases ndi phosphatases, ndi zoletsa yeniyeni - osachiritsika mapeputisayidi proenzymes. Yotsirizira mitundu anafooka zinthu. Iwo adamulowetsa ndi pogawanikana pamawere wa mapeputisayidi osachiritsika. Iwo zizigwirizana mitundu ina lililonse proenzyme payekha. Mwachitsanzo, mu mawonekedwe anafooka kwa trypsin opangidwa mu mawonekedwe a trypsinogen. likulu lake yogwira chatsekedwa osachiritsika hexapeptide, umene ndi woletsa yeniyeni. The ndondomeko kutsegula ndi pogawanikana pamawere ake. The malo yogwira trypsin chifukwa cha izi, amakhala lotseguka. zoletsa Nonspecific ndi mchere wa zitsulo. Mwachitsanzo, mkuwa sulphate. Amayambitsa denaturation wa mankhwala.

chopinga

Zimakhala mpikisano. chodabwitsa imeneyi yafotokozedwera pakutchulidwa wa structural kufanana pakati pa woletsa ndi gawo lapansi. Iwo amachita yolimbirana kugwirizana kwa malo yogwira. Ngati zili woletsa ndi apamwamba kuposa gawo lapansi aumbike kopleksferment woletsa. Pamene kuwonjezera kusintha chandamale mankhwala chiŵerengero. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, woletsa adzakhala m'malo. Mwachitsanzo, succinate kuti succinate zochita dehydrogenase monga gawo lapansi. Zoletsa ndi oxaloacetate kapena malonate. mankhwala mpikisano amaonedwa zimakhudza anachita. Nthawi zambiri, mofanana ndi magawo. Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa shuga 6-mankwala mankhwala ndi shuga. The gawo lapansi adzakhala yemweyo shuga-6 mankwala. Noncompetitive chopinga sinafike structural kufanana pakati mankhwala. Woletsa ndi gawo lapansi angathe imodzi kumumanga kuti enzyme ndi. Choncho pali mapangidwe pawiri latsopano. Iwo kompleksferment-gawo lapansi woletsa. Pa mogwirizana wa pakati yogwira ali oletsedwa. Ichi ndi chifukwa kumanga ndi othandizira malo woletsa wa malo yogwira. Chitsanzo ndi cytochrome oxidase. Pakuti enzyme izi akutumikira monga gawo lapansi oxygen. Cytochrome oxidase zoletsa ndi mchere asidi hydrocyanic.

allosteric lamulo

Nthawi zina, kupatula pakati zambiri, ndipo zimenezi ndiyo kulunjika wa enzyme, pali kugwirizana china. chigawo zimene ngati allosteric izo. Ngati dzina chomwecho amagwirizana kunali activator cha enzyme ndi kumawonjezera mphamvu. Ngati pobwezera allosteric woletsa akulowa malo, thunthu yogwira, motero, amachepetsa. Mwachitsanzo, adenylate cyclase ndi guanylate cyclase akutanthauza enzyme ndi mtundu allosteric lamulo.