The solubility mkuwa madzi ndi zidulo

Maziko a katundu mankhwala zinthu zambiri ndi luso lawo kupasuka mu sing'anga amadzimadzi ndi zidulo. Kuphunzira makhalidwe kugwirizana ndi zotsatira otsika yogwira mkuwa m'mikhalidwe yachibadwa. Mbali A njira yake mankhwala ndi mapangidwe mankhwala ammonia, Mercury, nitric ndi zidulo sulfuric. Low mkuwa solubility mu madzi sangathe chifukwa njira dzimbiri. S chibadidwe enieni katundu mankhwala, kulola kugwiritsa ntchito pawiri m'mafakitale zosiyanasiyana.

Kufotokozera amafotokozera

Mkuwa imatengedwa wamkulu wa zitsulo, amene anaphunzira kuti anthu BC kwambiri. Nkhanizi zakonzedwa ku zinthu zachilengedwe mu mawonekedwe a miyala. Mkuwa otchedwa mankhwala mchitidwe tebulo ndi dzina Latin cuprum, amene akuyambira nambala wofanana 29. Mu dongosolo nthawi, izo ili mu nthawi wachinayi wa gulu loyamba.

Natural mankhwala ndi pinki yofiira heavy metal ndi dongosolo zofewa ndi malleable. Kutentha mfundo zake kuwira ndi kusungunuka - 1000 ˛ C. Ndi wochititsa wabwino.

Kapangidwe mankhwala ndi katundu

Ngati muphunzira za chilinganizo zamagetsi la atomu mkuwa, n'zotheka kudziwa kuti ali milingo 4. Pa valence 4S-yozungulira ndi elekitironi imodzi yokha. Pa zochita mankhwala akhoza lamamatira ku atomu ya 1 mpaka 3 particles zoipa mlandu, ndiye analandira mkuwa mankhwala mu makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma +3, +2, +1. Iwo ali bata divalent lake lalikulu ofanana nawo.

Mu zochita mankhwala, iwo ukuchita monga chitsulo otsika ntchito. M'mikhalidwe wamba a solubility mkuwa madzi akusowa. Mu mlengalenga dzimbiri youma si anati, koma ndi Kutentha zitsulo pamwamba TACHIMATA ndi wakuda kum'chitira okusayidi akakhala. Chemical kukana zamkuwa akuwonetseredwa ndi zochita za anhydrous mpweya wa carbon chiwerengero cha mankhwala organic, resins phenol, ndi alcohols. Iwo amakhala ndi zimene complexation ndi kutulutsidwa kwa mankhwala achikuda. Mkuwa ali kuyandikana otsika ndi gulu soda zitsulo womangidwa kupanga angapo zotumphukira wa monovalent.

solubility ndi chiyani?

Izi ndondomeko mapangidwe a dongosolo homogeneous mu mawonekedwe a zothetsera mwa kuchita pawiri wina ndi zinthu zina. zigawo zawo mamolekyulu munthu, maatomu, ayoni ndi tinthu ena. Mlingo wa solubility anatsimikiza ndi ndende ya mankhwala, amene anali kusungunuka mu yokonza njira zimalimbikitsa.

Unit wa muyeso zambiri chiwerengero, buku kapena kulemera ting'onoting'ono. The solubility mkuwa madzi, mankhwala ena monga mtundu olimba, nkhani yokhayo kusintha zinthu kutentha. ubwenzi amalifotokoza zokhotakhota lapansi. Ngati chithunzi ndi ochepa, thunthu imatengedwa kukhala insoluble.

The solubility mkuwa ndi sing'anga amadzimadzi

Zitsulo akusonyeza kukana dzimbiri pansi zochita za madzi a m'nyanja. Izi zikutsimikizira inertness ake zinthu zachilendo. The solubility zamkuwa m'madzi (atsopano) ndi pafupifupi mwaonapo. Koma mu malo yonyowa ndi pansi zotsatira za mpweya woipa padziko zitsulo anapanga matepi wobiriwira umene uli carbonate zofunika:

Cu + Cu + O ₂ + H ₂ O + NKHA ₂ → Cu (o) ₂ · CuCO _2.

Ngati tikambirana monovalent ake pawiri monga mchere, izo zimawonedwa kuvunda awo pang'ono. zomangira imvera makutidwe ndi okosijeni mofulumira. Chifukwa ndi divalent mkuwa pawiri. Michere imeneyi ndi solubility wabwino pa TV amadzimadzi. Kodi dissociation wawo wonse mu ayoni.

acid solubility

Ochiritsira zinthu anachita percolation mkuwa zidulo ofooka kapena kuchepetsedwa musati zimathandiza kuti ankachita. Palibe mankhwala ndondomeko zitsulo ndi alkalis. The solubility mkuwa zidulo akhoza, ngati iwo ali amphamvu oxidizing wothandizira. Only mu nkhani iyi, mogwirizana udzachitika.

The solubility mkuwa asidi nitric

Zimenezi n'zotheka chifukwa chakuti pali amphamvu zitsulo makutidwe ndi okosijeni reagent. asidi nitric sitimadzipereka mu mawonekedwe kuikapo maganizo ndi akusonyeza katundu ndi kuvunda zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni zamkuwa.

Mu chimake choyamba tinasonkhanitsa pa zimene nitrate mkuwa ndi bivalent okusayidi asafe mu chiŵerengero 75% 25%. Ndondomeko ndi asidi kuchepetsa nitric tinganene kuti ndi anthu aone kuti pali zotsatirazi:

8HNO ₃ + 3Cu → 3Cu (NO _{3) 2} + NO + NO + 4H ₂ O.

Ngati wachiwiri, mkuwa nitrate ndi asafe oxides divalent ndi tetravalent amene chiŵerengero cha 1 1. pochita zimenezi 1 Mfuko la zitsulo ndi 3 timadontho-timadontho asidi nitric kulimbikira. Pa kuvunda kwa mkuwa ndi Kutentha amphamvu njira, chifukwa mu kuwonongeka matenthedwe wa oxidant amapezeka ndi akuchira buku zina oxides asafe:

4HNO ₃ + Cu → Cu (NO _{3) 2} + NO ₂ + NO ₂ + 2H ₂ O.

Zimene ntchito yopanga ang'ono-ang'ono, kugwirizana ndi processing ndi tizidutswa kapena kuchotsa ❖ kuyanika zinyalala. Komabe, njira ngati Kutha mkuwa angapo a kuipa kugwirizana ndi kumasulidwa ndalama zambiri oxides asafe. Kugwila kapena n'chongoletsa iwo amafuna zipangizo zina zapadera. ndondomeko ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri.

Mkuwa kuvunda imatengedwa wathunthu pamene pali kutha wathunthu wa ulimi wa oxides oyaka asafe. Kutentha anachita ranges pakati pa 60 ndi 70 ° C. Chotsatira ndi kutsitsa njira ya mankhwala riyakitala. Pa pansi pali tating'ono ting'ono zitsulo omwe si anachitira. Kwa madzi chifukwa adaonjezeredwa madzi ndi kusefera ikuchitika.

Solubility mu chidulo sulfuric

Bwinobwino linachepa zimachokeradi. Determinant mkuwa kuvunda mu chidulo cha safuriki, ndi ndende amphamvu. Kuchepetsedwa sing'anga sangathe oxidize zitsulo. Kuvunda kwa mkuwa moyikirapo sulfuric asidi atuluka ndi kutulutsidwa kwa sulphate.

The ndondomeko zowonetseredwa ndi anthu aone kuti pali zotsatirazi:

Cu + H _{2 4} + H _{2 4} → CuSO ₄ + 2H ₂ O + CHONCHO _2.

The katundu wa sulphate mkuwa

Salt dibasic amatchedwanso sulphate, tisonyezeni monga: CuSO _4. Ndi chinthu popanda fungo aliyense khalidwe, naonetsere palibe osakhalitsa. Mawonekedwe anhydrous mchere alibe mtundu, ndi opaque, ndi mkulu hygroscopicity. Mkuwa (sulfate) solubility wabwino. mamolekyulu madzi, kujowina salt akhoza kupanga crystalline hydrate pawiri. Chitsanzo ndi sulphate ndi mkuwa, zomwe ndi topotecan buluu. chilinganizo ake: CuSO ₄ · 5H ₂ O.

Tinthu hydrate chibadidwe bluish kulocha mandala dongosolo, iwo kuonetsa owawa, zachitsulo kukoma. Mamolekyulu akhoza kutaya madzi ophatikizana pa nthawi. Mu chikhalidwe, zopezeka mu mawonekedwe a mchere, monga chalcanthite ndi butit.

N'zosavuta mkuwa sulphate. Solubility ndi exothermic anachita. kwambiri kuchuluka kwa kutentha kwaiye mu ndondomeko ya salt hydration.

The solubility mkuwa chitsulo

Chifukwa cha ndondomekoyi pseudoalloys anapangidwa wa Fe ndi Cu. Kuti chitsulo zachitsulo ndi mkuwa akhoza okha solubility mangawawo. Zolemba malire a makhalidwe ake anamuona pa kutentha chizindikiro 1099,85 ° C. Mlingo wa solubility mkuwa mawonekedwe olimba ndi wofanana ndi 8.5% chitsulo. Awa ndi zizindikiro yaing'ono. Yanyumba ya chitsulo zachitsulo mu mawonekedwe olimba a mkuwa ndi za 4.2%.

Kutsitsa kutentha ndi mfundo chipinda zimapangitsa pang'ono njira chimodzi. Pamene kusungunuka zitsulo zamkuwa, ndi okhoza bwino kunyowetsa chitsulo mu mawonekedwe olimba. Pokonza Fe ndi Cu pseudoalloys ntchito preform wapadera. Iwo analengedwa ndi kukanikiza kapena kuphika ufa chitsulo pano mu mawonekedwe woyera kapena aloyi. preform otere impregnated ndi mkuwa madzi, kupanga pseudoalloys.

Kuvunda mu amoniya

Dongosololi zambiri atuluka ndi kudutsa ndi NH ₃ mu mawonekedwe gaseous pa zitsulo red-hot. The chifukwa ndi kuvunda kwa mkuwa wa ammonia, kudzipatula Cu ₃ N. pawiri Izi akutchulidwa nitride monga monovalent.

Mchere wa njira zake poyera ammonia. Kuwonjezera wa reagent kuti mankhwala enaake mkuwa kumabweretsa mpweya mu mawonekedwe a hydroxide:

CuCl ₂ + NH ₃ + NH ₃ + 2H ₂ O → 2NH ₄ CL + Cu (o) ₂ ↓.

Owonjezera amoniya amalimbikitsa mapangidwe kuipidwa mtundu pawiri ndi mdima buluu coloration:

Cu (o) ₂ ↓ + 4NH ₃ → [Cu (NH _{3) 4]} (o) _2.

Zimenezi ntchito kudziwa ayoni cupric.

The solubility wa chitsulo

Mu pearlitic malleable dongosolo kuponya chitsulo pambali zigawo zikuluzikulu zofunika zinthu zina alipo mu mawonekedwe a mkuwa ochiritsira. Ndicho izo kumawonjezera graphitization maatomu mpweya kumawonjezera fluidity, mphamvu ndi kuwumitsa kasakaniza wazitsulo ndi. Zitsulo kuli ndi ubwino pa mlingo wa perlite mu chomaliza mankhwala. The solubility mkuwa chitsulo ntchito kwa doping wa zikuchokera koyamba. Cholinga cha ndondomekoyi ndi kupeza aloyi malleable. Iye akweza katundu makina ndi dzimbiri, koma yafupika embrittlement.

Ngati mkuwa zili chitsulo ndi 1%, mlingo wa mphamvu pa anatambasula ndi wofanana 40%, ndipo ukuwonjezeka zokolola 50%. Izi kwambiri amasintha makhalidwe a aloyi lapansi. Kuwonjezeka kuchuluka kwa zitsulo dopant 2%, tidzapeza kusintha mphamvu mtengo 65% ndi mlingo otaya amakhala ofanana 70%. Pa nkhani apamwamba mkuwa ndi chitsulo zikuchokera spheroidal graphite anapanga kovuta. Mau oyamba kapangidwe ka zinthu alloying sasintha luso n'kupanga viscous ndi zofewa aloyi. nthawi kupezeka kwa annealing kuti lifanane ndi nthawi ya zimachitika pa ulimi wa chitsulo popanda zosafunika mkuwa. Ndi za 10 maola.

Ntchito ya mkuwa kupanga chitsulo chosungunula ndi mkulu wa ndende pakachitsulo si okhoza kuthetsa kwathunthu otchedwa ferrugination osakaniza pa annealing. Chifukwa, chobalidwa ndi otsika sichisinthasinthanso.

Solubility mu Mercury

Pamene wothira zitsulo Mercury zinthu zina zopezera mapaziwo apangidwa. ndondomeko Izi zikhoza kutenga malo firiji, chifukwa m'mikhalidwe yoteroyo ndi madzi PB. The solubility mkuwa Mercury udzachitika lokha pa magetsi. Zitsulo ayenera choyamba kuwaza. Pa wetting madzi Mercury olimba mkuwa ndi malowedwe tonse chinthu chimodzi mu ndondomeko ina kapena mayamwidwe. Mtengo wa solubility wa chimaonetsera kuchuluka ndipo ndi 7.4 * 10 ^-3. Pa zimene losangalala ndi analandira mapaziwo apangidwa yosavuta ofanana polimbikitsa. Ngati ndi kutentha pang'ono, izo kumafeŵetsa. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, kusakaniza otere ntchito yokonza zadothi. Palinso mapaziwo apangidwa zovuta ndi okhutira mulingo woyenera wa zitsulo mu izo. Mwachitsanzo, mu aloyi mano ali ndi zinthu zasiliva, tini, mkuwa, nthaka. kuchuluka kwawo mu kuchuluka amatanthauza onse 65: 27: 6: 2. Amalgams woterowo zikuchokera amatchedwa siliva. Aliyense chigawo aloyi amachita ntchito yeniyeni, amene amalola kupeza mkulu khalidwe chisindikizo.

Chitsanzo china ndi mapaziwo apangidwa aloyi limene pali mkulu zili mkuwa. Limatchedwanso aloyi mkuwa. The zikuchokera mapaziwo apangidwa alipo 10 30% Cu. Mkulu woipa zamkuwa kumathandiza malata anachitira ndi Mercury, zomwe si kupanga ofooka kwambiri ndipo zikuwononga aloyi gawo. Komanso, kuchepetsa ndalama mu zotsatira chisindikizo mu kuchepetsa mtengo. Kuti akonze mapaziwo apangidwa ndi zofunika kugwiritsa ntchito chikhalidwe inert kapena madzi zoteteza imene imagwiritsidwa filimu. Zitsulo amapanga aloyi amatha mofulumira oxidized ndi mpweya. The Kutentha ndondomeko Cuprum mapaziwo apangidwa pamaso pa haidrojeni akutitsogolera kuti Mercury distillation umene umawalekanitsa mkuwa elemental. Monga mukuonera, nkhani imeneyi n'zomveka kuphunzira. Tsopano inu mukudziwa ngati mkuwa interacts osati ndi madzi komanso ndi zidulo ndi zinthu zina.