Kupanga chitsulo choponyedwa - maziko a zitsulo zachitsulo

Pali nthawi mu mbiri ya anthu yotchedwa Iron Age. M'masiku amenewo, zopangidwa mofanana zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chitsulo m'malo mwa zida za miyala. Ngakhale zitsulozi zing'onozing'ono zinkasungunuka komanso kale kwambiri. Kwenikweni chinali chitsulo, chosungidwa ndi meteorites. Mwachitsanzo, zida zachitsulo zinapezeka pamabwinja a Iraq ndi Syria. Ndipo "tsiku lobadwa" la zipilala izi ndi zaka za m'ma 27 BC BC. Koma zowona zowona zamakono zakhala zikuchitika kale pamene anthu adaphunzira kusuta chitsulo cha chitsulo. Choyamba, adaphunzira kuchita ku Western Asia, ndiye njirayi inafika ku Greece, Italy ndipo pang'onopang'ono imafalikira ku Ulaya. Izi zinapangidwa patapita zaka mazana ambiri, ndipo pang'onopang'ono kupanga chitsulo ndi chitsulo kunakhala maziko a nthambi zina zachuma.

Ndipo chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale oyambitsa maziko ndi kuphulika kwa ng'anjo. Ndipo akuchitika mu ng'anjo yamoto. Masiku ano ng'anjo yamoto imakhala yamphamvu komanso yopambana kwambiri ndipo imachokera ku kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa malipiro ndi kuphulika ndi smelting ya chitsulo choponyedwa. Mafuta a smelting amatchedwa kusakaniza kwa zipangizo, zomwe zimayikidwa m'ng'anjo kuti zizisungunuka. Izi ndizitsulo zachitsulo kuphatikizapo mafuta. Ndipo mafuta, popanda omwe kuwotcha ng'anjo yachitsulo imakhala yosatheka, kaŵirikaŵiri coke, yomwe nthawi zina imalowetsedwa ndi fumbi la malasha kapena gasi. Coke - iyi ndi malasha omwewo, omwe anawerengedwa opanda mpweya. Zili ndi kutentha kwakukulu ndipo ndi mafuta abwino omwe amawotchera ng'anjo.

Kuphulika kwa ng'anjo kunapangidwa kotero kuti kupanga chitsulo cha nkhumba mkati mwake ndi njira yopitilira. Iron oxide ndi carbon zimasunthira pansi pamthunzi wa ng'anjo, ndipo mpweya umayenda kwa iwo. Mpweya uli mu coke, umene umagwira ntchito ziwiri. Mukatenthedwa, imayatsa ng'anjo yomwe imafuna kutentha ndipo nthawi yomweyo imapanga CO mpweya. Ndipo mothandizidwa ndi mpweya uwu, okusayidi yachitsulo amasandulika chitsulo. Chifukwa cha izi, mpweya wa carbon dioxide umatulutsidwa, umene umatulutsidwa pamwamba pa ng'anjo ndi chitsulo chomwe chimamasulidwa pansi pake. Ndipo ndondomekoyi imayimitsidwa pokhapokha ngati pakufunika kukonza ng'anjo. Kawiri kawiri kukonzanso koteroko kumasintha mkati mwa njerwa (chophimba) chomwe chimatha kutentha.

Ndipo kupanga chitsulo m'ng'anjo yotere kungathe kufotokozedwa mothandizidwa ndi mayanjano osavuta. Mlengalenga amene amavutsidwira m'ng'anjo amayamba kugwirizana ndi coke ndipo "amachititsa" kuyaka. Kutentha kotsirizira, kumapanga carbon monoxide, yomwe ili mu gaseous state. Mpweya umenewu umathandiza kwambiri kuchepetsa mpweya wamchere. Ndipo kuchira kumeneku kumachitika pamene kutentha kwa kusakaniza kwa ore ndi coke kumafikira madigiri 600-700. Chotsatira chake, cholimba, koma spongy ndi ironous porous amapangidwa. Kenaka imatsikira kumunsi, kutentha kwa ng'anjo, komwe imasungunuka ndi kumasulidwa kunja.

Koma kulinganitsa uku kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kokha kwa dongosolo lokongola. Ndiko kuti, okusayidi ya chitsulo iyenera kukhala yoyera, yopanda ungwiro, zomwezo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kaboni. Ndipo mpweya woomba uyenera kukhala ndi mpweya umodzi. Kenaka kupanga chitsulo chidzayenda mosamala komanso molingana ndi ndondomeko yomwe yafotokozedwa pamwambapa. Koma kwenikweni, chitsulo chachitsulo chimakhala ndi zambiri (zoposa 50%) za thanthwe lopanda kanthu, lomwe makamaka limakhala ndi sililicates. Ndipo mpweya, monga aliyense amadziwira, kwenikweni umakhala ndi nayitrogeni, yomwe imangodutsa mu ng'anjo popanda kuchitapo kanthu. Koma vuto lalikulu ndilokhazikika mu sililicates. Ndipo kuti amalekanitsidwa ndi chitsulo ndikuchotsedwa m'ng'anjo, izi silicates ziyenera kubweretsedwa ku madzi. Ndipo silicates amasungunuka kokha atagwirizana ndi laimu CaO. Ndipo chifukwa cha ichi, kuchuluka kwa miyala yamagazi (mankhusu) imatengedwa m'ng'anjo pamodzi ndi ore. Ali kumtunda kwa moto, ndipo pamapeto pake zimasanduka laimu. Ndipo zosakaniza zosakaniza zazitsulo zachitsulo, pochita ndi laimu, zimasungunuka ku madzi omwe amachotsedwa ndipo zimachotsedwa ku ng'anjo yotchedwa slag. Ndipo slag wa izi ndi pang'ono pang'ono kuposa chitsulo choponyedwa chomwecho.

Ndipo pambuyo polimbikitsidwa, slag yoteroyo imasanduka chinthu chobiriwira cha mdima. Ndipo posachedwapa, pafupi ndi mabungwe a metallurgical, mukhoza kuona mapiri onse a nkhaniyi. Koma tsopano kupanga chitsulo cha nkhumba kunakhala kopanda kanthu, chifukwa slag masiku ano yapeza ntchito yaikulu. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kudzaza konkrete komanso ngati njanji. Kuchokera pamenepo, slag imapangidwa, ndipo ndi chithandizo chake anti-skid mipiringidzo ya misewu yapangidwa. Chitsulo cha nkhumba chomwe chimapangidwa kuchokera ku ng'anjo yoyamba ndizo maziko a ntchito yopanga zitsulo, ndi maziko a mafakitale onse a zitsulo ndi zitsulo.