Tizilombo - ndi chiyani ichi? gulu la zamoyo

Majeremusi - ndi moyo zing'onozing'ono zamoyo zambiri zokhala ndi selo imodzi kuti Tingaone kokha kupyolera maso ndi zolondola kwambiri. kukula ndi wochepa kwambiri kuti amayezedwa microns (1 micron = 1/1000 mm), kapena ngakhale nanometers (1nm = 1/1000 mm).

Kodi kuphunzira tizilombo tosaoneka ndi maso

Microbiology otchedwa sayansi kuti ikufotokoza kuchuluka kwa moyo tating'onoting'ono: kapangidwe, ntchito, chikhalidwe cha moyo chitukuko, ndi kubalana.

Munthu woyamba amene ankatha kuona ndi kufotokoza mabakiteriya, anali wa ku Netherlands A. Leeuwenhoek. Dzuwa likulowa za m'ma 17, iye adapanga mandala chimakweza chithunzichi ndi nthawi zoposa 200. Iwo anadabwa kwambiri ndi zimene anaona mwa iwo kuti tizilombo ting'onoting'ono - ndi dziko ndi makhalidwe ake omwe aliko. Apa maziko a sayansi yatsopano - tizilombo tosaoneka ndi maso. Leeuwenhoek zithunzi komanso anafotokoza tizilomboto anapeza. Photos ndi zithunzi ndi chithunzi awo a nthawi imeneyo - kuwonjezeka kujambulidwa kudzera simungathe kutiona.

mitundu tizilombo tating'onoting'ono

Zambirimbiri zosiyanasiyana mitundu tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndi kokwanira. Tizilombo - dzina lalifupi mazana a mitundu ambiri osiyanasiyana. Iwo amasiyana maonekedwe, kapangidwe, a moyo, luso kubereka. Kusiyanitsa si ma, multicellular ndi unicellular tizilomboto. Photos ndi zowonera awo amathandiza kuti mosavuta ikukhudzana bwanji ndi munthu aliyense kuti mtundu makamaka. Gulu la tizilombo ting'onoting'ono :

• mabakiteriya,
• mavairasi;
• phages;
• bowa;
• microalgae;
• mogwirizana;
• yisiti.

mabakiteriya

Mbali ina ya Microbiology - bacteriology - atsegula dziko yaikulu mabakiteriya - zamoyo prokaryotic. Kuyambira eukaryotic (multicellular, mogwirizana, algae, bowa) yodziwika ndi kupanda wotchedwa chlorophyll, anapereka phata ndi chuma majini ndi organelles. Kukula kwa bakiteriya si nthawi zonse, izo zingasiyane malingana ndi chilengedwe Link (kuchokera 0.1 kuti 28 microns). Gulu yotchuka kwambiri ya mabakiteriya - pa kapangidwe morphological.

cocci

Otchedwa cocci mabakiteriya ozungulira, amene angathe kutenga ozungulira, nyemba, elliptical kapena lanceolate.

1. Micrococci akhoza adzaikidwa mmodzi ndi mmodzi, awiriawiri kapena mosintha. Iwo akutchedwa saprophytes, moyo mu madzi ndi mpweya.
2. Diplokokki kubereka nagawira mu ndege chomwecho pa zidutswa ziwiri. Zikuphatikizapo meningococcus (kakhosi TV) ndi gonococci.
3. Streptococci chimodzimodzi wogawanika pa ndege yomweyo, koma unyolo wonse. Mumadziwika tizilombo kwa mitundu la munthu amene imafalikira angina ndi erysipelas mkulu.
4. Tetrakokki anakonza mu zidutswa ziwiri pa ndege ziwiri perpendicular. anthu osadziwika chosowa kwambiri.
5. Sadini bales ndi khalidwe la maselo 8, 16 kapena kuposa ndege zitatu zosiyana perpendicular. Pafupifupi onse owayimilira moyo yekha mu mlengalenga.
6. Staphylococci akhoza kugawidwa imodzi mwa ndege zingapo anakonza mosintha ndi ulemu wina ndi mnzake mu maonekedwe amafanana Magulu a mphesa.

ndodo-mphako

tizilombo cylindrical ndi zambiri wamba zambiri mitundu ina. Iwo anawagawa mabakiteriya opanda kuthekera kwa sporulate (diphtheria, kamwazi, TB partifoznaya, Escherichia coli) ndi Bacillus angathe spores kubala (tizilombo ta matenda, udzu, kafumbata, anaerobic). Gawo mwa njira kugawa:

• Diplobakterii, diplobatsilly amasiyana dongosolo mu ndege imodzi maselo awiri okha (chibayo).
• Streptobakterii, streptobatsilly mu fission zatenga ndege imodzi pa zomwe kumanga unyolo (tizilombo ta matenda).
• Mtokoma wa tizilomboto cylindrical imakonzedwa musamapite pa munthu wosakwatira.

crimped

tizilomboto Crimped akhoza kutenga maonekedwe a koma, izo cholerae (mwachitsanzo, kolera). Spirilla ndi mapini ochepa, spirochete - ndi woonda zopotoka timitengo (chindoko).

Nkofunika kudziwa kuti majeremusi onse ndi mabakiteriya ndi polymorphic, ali ndi luso lapadera kusintha mawonekedwe ake mchikakamizo cha zosiyanasiyana zinthu. Chilengedwe Zowonekera kunja, kutentha, acidity, etc. ndi luso maziko a zasayansi maphunziro ambiri tizilombo, umalimbana chitukuko cha mankhwala kudzakuthandizani m'tsogolo kuthana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda anthu.

mavairasi

Mavairasi - gulu lalikulu la tizilomboto osiyana ndi ena monga kupanda dongosolo ma yokha. Kuyambira miyeso zokhudza kakang'ono kuposa mabakiteriya, 5 150 nm. Kuwaona, m'pofunika kukhazikitsa ndi elekitironi maso pa mlingo wokweretsa molondola. oimira ambiri tizilombo tizilombo zigwirizana yekha mapuloteni ndi asidi mkati (RNA, DNA).

Ena mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo tina ndi wothandizila causative matenda oopsa ambiri anthu (fuluwenza, chiwindi, chikuku). Komanso, pali mitundu tizilombo nyama (mliri, phazi ndi matenda pakamwa).

Mycophagous - mavairasi, bowa. Bacteriophages - mavairasi, mabakiteriya amapezeka kulikonse kumene nthawi zina moyo. Ena phages ndi mphamvu kwambiri - kuwononga tizilombo tating'onoting'ono selo, kawirikawiri ntchito mu kupanga medicament kuti kupewa ndi kuchiza matenda a mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

RICKETTS - wapadera mabakiteriya kuti akhoza zimachitika mabakiteriya ndi mavairasi. Izi ndodo kuyenda majeremusi okhudza maselo ambiri sangathe kupanga spores kapena makapisozi.

bowa

Izi wapadera tizilombo mbewu akusowa wotchedwa chlorophyll ndi luso lithe zinthu organic. Komanso miyoyo yawo muyenera kukonzekera nkhani organic, ndiye pafupifupi onse a iwo kukula pa maziko a magawo chiyambi osiyana. Pali ena tizilombo anthu, nyama ndi zomera mitundu ya bowa.

Bowa amasiyana mabakiteriya chifukwa maselo awo ndi ofanana kwambiri kudzala ndi phata ndipo vacuoles. Iwo anapereka mu mawonekedwe a hyphae - filaments yaitali kuti mwina nthambi ndipo inalukana ndi mzake.

Bowa akhoza kubereka mu njira zingapo: ndi kugawikana vegetative, asexual ndi kugonana - mapangidwe spores. spores Fungal ndi kugonjetsedwa kwambiri, iwo amakhala nthawi yaitali mu malo osiyana ndi kuyenda pa nthawi yomweyo pa kutalika kwa mitunda bola musalekane mu sing'anga pamene iwo mwamsanga lidzasinthidwa hyphae.

Amatha kuumba zimapezeka ife nthawi zambiri, iwo akhoza mophweka ndi apoyera pa malonda propped-chakudya. Iwo amayang'ana ngati wowumitsa zolengeza mtundu m'goli. Pali mitundu ina ya bowa kuti musakhale monga kusokoneza zinthu zimene kutulutsa poizoni kuti anthu ndi nyama mitoksin monga Aspergillus kapena Fusarium.

Komabe, bowa si nthawi zonse zoipa, awo katundu zambiri zothandiza akhala bwino ntchito ndi opanga mankhwala. The kwambiri ndi otchuka mankhwala a penicillin opangidwa ndi bowa wa mitundu Penicillium.

Actinomycetes - kwapadera view tizilombo, amene ali kapangidwe ndi katundu mabakiteriya ndi kubereka njira zofanana bowa.

yisiti

Izi unicellular tizilomboto kuyenda kukula kwa microns 10 ndi 15, amene angathe kukhala zozungulira, chowulungika, cylindrical mu nthawi zina ndi mawonekedwe kachigawo. Yisiti bowa ofanana mu dongosolo kuti muli vacuole ndi phata. njira zotheka la kubalana - magawano, budding kapena kutsutsana. Kukhala mofulumira nthaka, chakudya, zomera. Yisiti padziko zakudya kuyambitsa nayonso mphamvu zawo ndi acidification. nayonso mphamvu mowa amasintha shuga mu mowa, ndondomeko anaika maziko makampani mowa ndi kunyumba winemaking.

Pali tizilombo kwa mitundu thupi. Mwachitsanzo, mtundu zofala wa candida yisiti amalimbikitsa matenda zosasangalatsa - candidiasis.

tizilomboto bwino thupi la munthu

Thupi la munthu asezare lipange mabakiteriya zosiyanasiyana zimakhala zoipa kwambiri. Pali mabakiteriya zofunika uziyenda yachibadwa cha thupi lathu. Kulemera okwana bakiteria mu munthu wamkulu akhoza kukhala mkulu monga makilogalamu 4, ndi ¾ wa iwo akukhala m'matumbo wathu. The ena zimasangalala mu urogenital dongosolo, khungu ndi mucosal pamalo. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti thupi la mwana litadzala ndi tizilombo kale mu ndondomeko ya kubadwa kwake, ndipo zaka 10 microflora matumbo kale athanzi. Ena tizilomboto ndi owopsa kwambiri kwa ana, kotero chaka choyamba cha moyo wa mwanayo ukhondo thupi muyenera kukhala osamala kwambiri.

Kodi tizilomboto moyo m'matumbo:

• lactobacilli;
• bifidobacteria;
• streptococci;
• enterobacteria;
• bowa;
• mogwirizana;
• mavairasi.

The ntchito mabakiteriya anthu

1. Ndi enterobacteria chamoyo accustom mavitamini B, C, ndipo K, niacin ndi folic acid.
2. Unsplit kuthandiza kugaya chakudya.
3. Amaziyang'anira amaayoni ndi madzi mchere kagayidwe.
4. Ziletsa kukula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
5. Zingawathandize kukhala chitetezo chokwanira.
6. Mukhale zida lymphoid.
7. Kumachepetsa tilinazo khoma matumbo mankhwala carcinogenic.
8. Kuonjezera kukana mavairasi.
9. Mwakhama nawo bwino kutentha.

Bifidobacteria ndi lactobacilli zatenga oposa theka la microflora matumbo, iwo mbali yofunika kwambiri mu moyo wa munthu wathanzi:

1. asidi Lactic ndi nthochi opangidwa ndi nawo tizilombo awa Ngokhoza kulenga lotero m'matumbo, amene sakhoza moyo tizilomboto matenda.
2. Bifidobacteria - mankhwala a antihistamine zachilengedwe limaleka thupi lawo siligwirizana mu thupi.
3. Iwo zimakhudzanso antioxidant ndi mukulimbana ndi kukula kwa maselo chotupa.
4. Bifidobacteria ndi kukhala wochitachita mu chitukuko cha mavitamini B
5. Bifidobacteria ndi thandizo lactobacilli kuonjezera kuchuluka kuloŵerera munthu kashiamu chitsulo, ndi vitamini D.

Phindu chifukwa tizilomboto zachilengedwe

Mabakiteriya munali ammonifying michere proactively amathandiza kuti ndondomeko ya kuvunda kwa mafupa a anthu, zinyama, zomera ndi chakudya zinyalala. Pa mapuloteni kuwonongeka mu mlengalenga ndi allocated mipweya yofunika kwambiri: ammonia ndi asafe, omwe ali ofunika kwa anthu, nyama ndi zomera.

Urobakterii amatha kuwola ndinso urea opangidwa tsiku ndi munthu aliyense ndi Pet. Ndipo ichi, poyamba, si matani zosakwana miliyoni 55 chaka chilichonse.

Tizilombo angathe nitrification, amoniya ndi oxidized. Denitrifying tizilombo amathandiza kuti umuna kuchokera nthaka ya mpweya maselo.

Mpweya - mmodzi wa mankhwala ofunika kwambiri ma za dziko la nyama ndi zomera. CHIKWANGWANI, amene kudya nyama ambiri, muli zambiri mpweya. M'mimba mwawo pogwiritsa ntchito mabakiteriya mapadi thovu ndi masamba manyowa ku chikhalidwe. Choncho, dziko lapansi alandira manyowa, zimene kumakhaladi zambiri chonde, ndipo mlengalenga ladzala ndi mpweya.

Choncho, mabakiteriya ndi majeremusi - ichi ndi chofunika kwambiri pa dziko lonse amoyo. Zambiri mabakiteriya zothandiza nthawi zonse ayende munthu moyo ndi kuteteza thupi lathu asatengere makhalidwe osafunika kunja. Nkofunika kuti tisasokoneze ndi wosakhwima ndi osalimba bwino pakati opindulitsa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.