Transport - ndichiyani? Mitundu ndi magalimoto cholinga

Movement wa anthu ndi katundu - chofunikira cheni kwa anthu a. Kugwiritsa iwo, pali zida wapadera - zoyendera. Kodi wotani ngakhale mwana amadziwa. Komabe, ili ndi dongosolo zovuta kuti azimvetsetsa mtheradi.

maganizo

Kuchokera kaonedwe ka njira mwatsatanetsatane, wotchedwa mfundo Tingaone motere:

1. The akaphatikiza njira zonse zilipo kusamukira.
2. Gawo la chuma ndi kupanga.
3. System kuphatikiza modes onse zoyendera ndi zomangamanga ofanana.

M'njira zowombetsa mkota zoyendera ndi:

• kugwirizana pakati pa mizinda, mayiko ndi mayiko;
• waukulu chigawo kupanga chilichonse;
• zikutanthauza gulu la anthu, komanso kuwapatsa katundu kwambiri.

Monga kupanga malonda, ndi:

• wa chinthu ntchito - ndi magalimoto leni;
• zikutanthauza ntchito - anagubuduza katundu;
• ntchito yopitilira - kasamalidwe.

ntchito

Mogwirizana ndi chofunikira cheni cha izo, Mtengatenga adalowa muzochitika zones za moyo. Ndi chibadidwe zosiyanasiyana ntchito:

1. Economic. Iwo amachita ngati njira ntchito kupanga ndi kusamalira mchere boma: mafuta, mafuta, malasha, ores ndiponso zitsulo zamtengo wapatali. Limachititsa ndi kupezeka apadera kupanga pamodzi ndi mgwirizano wawo. Ndi kugwirizana waukulu mu malonda zoweta ndi mayiko a dziko lililonse.
2. Social. Izo kumaonekera kupereka mwayi kwa moyo, ntchito ndi kusewera mu madera osiyana a m'mudzi, dziko, Africa, dziko ndi zosabvuta kwa munthu ntchito.
3. tanthauzo Cultural ndi luso kusinthitsa zokumana nazo ndi mfundo, pitani aliyense wa malo zachikhalidwe wolemera, Kuwonjezera ntchito latsopano la chisunzo.
4. Udindo ndale ndi kukhazikitsa mgwirizano wa mayiko malonda.
5. Lankhondo - kuonetsetsa asilikali kuthekera kayendedwe mtendere ndi zida zaumoyo ndi zakudya.

Choncho, mosaganizira mtundu ndi makhalidwe, zoyendera mbali ya boma ndi anthu.

Gawo

njira zonse zilipo za kayendedwe akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri chachikulu: sing'anga wa zinthu zazikulu, m'dera utumiki.

Malinga chilengedwe, pali magulu otsatirawa ndi mitundu:

1. Ground: njanji, gudumu.
2. Mobisa (yapansi).
3. Air (mpweya).
4. Space.
5. Madzi ndi m'madzi.
6. Payipi.

Ndi chikhalidwe cha gawo utumiki, amadziŵika:

1. Transport anthu.
2. Special-cholinga ndalama.
3. Real ntchito.

zoyendera Public akupereka ya akusindikizidwa katundu kwa kayendedwe ka katundu ndi anthu, umalimbana ndikukhazikitsa yeniyeni kuti ntchito zachuma, zikhalidwe, ndi zina zandale.

Mitundu zofunika kwambiri zimene mungachite mathiransipoti monga njanji, msewu, madzi, mpweya ndi zoyendera payipi. Kodi gulu lililonse chimaimira, tiona chotsatira.

Yokokedwa ndi kavalo zoyendera

Cartage tranport tinganene kuti zinachitika magalimoto onse m'dziko. Kuyambira kale kwa zaka za m'ma XX, izo amachita ntchito zonse lolingana panopa gawo zoyendera. Pa nthawi yomweyo anatumikira monga kutsogolera kwa sayansi zambiri patsogolo ndi zipatso njira kusamukira katundu ndi anthu.

Malinga makhalidwe dera lawo, ntchito ndi akavalo, ndi abulu, ng'ombe, njovu, mphalapala, agalu, ngamila. Nyama ntchito kukwera kapena itagwiritsidwa ntchito yonyamula magalimoto, ngolo, zotengera zokhala ndi mawilo.

Kavalo zoyendera ntchito kuchokera msewu (mapiri, m'zipululu, nayonso) - nyama ndi mapaketi pa misana yawo anali leashes.

Ndi chitukuko cha njanji ndi msewu, iye pang'onopang'ono anatuluka opaleshoni onse ndi kupita ku ntchito kawirikawiri payekha.

zoyendera madzi

Madzi nyanja zoyendera - alinso mizu wakale, akulozera mmbuyo kwa III-II Zakachikwi BC .. e., ndipo njira yokhayo kugwiritsa ntchito malonda ndi maiko kugonjetsa kunja.

Masiku ano anagawira pa nyanja ndi mtsinje. ubwino wake monga:

• wochepa mphamvu mtengo kusiyana njanji ndi msewu;
• kulibe ntchito yomanga pothandiza anthu;
• kuthekera sanali mwamsanga zoyendera katundu bulky pa mtunda wautali, komanso, pamene imavuta kapena odula kwambiri yomanga milatho.

kuipa:

1. Malinga nyengo.
2. Low Liwiro.
3. Kukwera mtengo kwa yomanga madoko ndi doko.
4. Mwayi okha mitsinje mtanda mtsinje.

Mbali yofunika wolunjika ntchito ndi kufunika okhudzidwa wa modes zingapo zoyendera kumanga umodzi doko, ndicho msewu ndipo njanji.

zoyendera njanji

Ndi katundu ndipo wina zoyendera, ozikidwa pa kayendedwe ka anagubuduza katundu pa njira mwapadera - njanji. ubwino:

1. Padziko lonse, kaya nyengo, ndiponso kudalirika.
2. Mkulu katundu ndi mphamvu zonyamula kuti amalola kuzindikira kayendedwe ka utuluke yaikulu ku intervals yaing'ono nthawi.
3. Kutheka makontena mwachindunji kwa Mlengi, ndi yoyenera maulendo mwayi.
4. Good liwiro.
5. Chitonthozo zonyamula maulendo.

Ngati tikulingalira mitundu zoyendera katundu, sitima kusiyana udindo kutsogolera kayendedwe si wapatali, oversized katundu, monga matabwa, tirigu, malasha, zomangamanga, mankhwala a makampani mafuta kuyenga. Ngati ndi kotheka, ntchito containerization.

kuipa:

1. Capital mwamphamvu ndi kuvuta yomanga ukachenjede ya njira ndi anagubuduza katundu.
2. The malangizo zochepa njanji Papayu ndi munthawi yomweyo kayendedwe ka formulations angapo.
3. Pafupifupi nthawi zonse kumafuna chinkhoswe yapita kapena wotsatira wa magalimoto chimaonetsedwa pa mtengo wonse.
4. Mavuto a potsegula ndi katundu.
5. mayendedwe lonse nthawi zambiri amavutika ndi kusiyana njanji m'lifupi.

Katundu zolowa ndi zaka 40-50% mu Russia ndi 15-20% - mu msika lonse. Lolingana mwakwera Russia ndi 30%, ndi 10 - onse mu dziko. Motero, kothandiza ndiponso odalirika kayendedwe.

Kodi ndi nthunzi sitima - amadziwika ndi makolo athu. Lero, tsogolo lake - kwa electrification mizere sitima. Wamakono wa njanji ndipo anagubuduza katundu pamodzi ndi oyamba mabuku a sayansi mkulu-liwiro - kaonedwe khola kuonjezera profitability malonda.

galimoto

mabasi ndi magalimoto ndi makampani magalimoto - kwambiri mafoni, chatekinoloje ndi opareshoni. Pa nthawi yomweyo ndi magalimoto munthu, wapadera ndi departmental ndi zomangamanga awo. Cholowa cha Russian katundu msewu magalimoto ndi% 4-6 yekha wa dziko - 8-10%. Zonyamula zoyendera ku Russia zatenga 30-40% ya onse yopitilira, Koma mu dziko - 70-75%.

ubwino:

1. Zoyendayenda, n'zotheka makontena mwachindunji popanda kuyenda wapakatikati mitundu.
2. Ubwino mu mayendedwe a mtengo wapatali, osalimba ndi chobvunda katundu, kuphatikizapo mabuku ang'ono.
3. The njira yoperekera chakudya, kuphatikizapo kumadera akumidzi.
4. A zosiyanasiyana magalimoto pa onyamula mphamvu ndi thupi mtundu.
5. Good liwiro, mtengo wotsika ndipo chomasuka kayendedwe anthu.
6. Chomasuka njira.

kuipa:

1. Mphamvu kwambiri, ndi kungasokoneze chilengedwe.
2. Mkulu kupanga ndalama.
3. A mphamvu zazing'ono, poyerekeza ndi anthu a mitundu ina.
4. Mlingo osachepera chitonthozo anthu.
5. A digiri kwambiri zoti a mbadwa kugudubuzika.
6. Kudalira kugwilizana ndi chitetezo magalimoto. Kukhalapo kwa owopsa okhudzana downtime ndi zomvetsa zina likulu.

zoyendera wodutsa pafupi theka ukufanizidwa ndi galimoto. Iye akanali mtsogoleri pakati kayendedwe options mkati tikuchita ndi dziko. Pakuti mayiko, makamaka intercontinental ntchito njanji, madzi kapena mpweya.

mpweya

Ndege ndi Helicopters - kupambana apamwamba a munthu, onse kwenikweni ndi choyimira, kwambiri kusintha njira lodabwitsa ntchito, monga: kuyenda pa mtunda wautali pa liwilo, yobereka mankhwala ndi thandizo lokhudza anthu m'madera Pakagwa ngozi, kukhazikitsa zinthu zovuta zomangamanga, moto-nkhondo, achoke, ulimi ndi zina zotero.

ubwino:

1. Liwilo.
2. A mlingo wamakhalidwe otonthoza anthu.
3. Kutheka yonyamula katundu wapatali ndi kuwonongeka.
4. Izo sikutanthauza yomanga aya.

kuipa:

1. Low chitetezo.
2. Kufunika kwa Choyenereza apamwamba oyendetsa ndipo anthu oyendetsa.
3. Meteozavisimost.
4. Capital kwambiri ndi kupanga ndalama.
5. Pochita kayendedwe.

Kuwonjezera pa ngozi yaikulu ndi ndalama yapamwamba, ndi 20% ya padziko lonse magalimoto anthu.

payipi

Chifukwa cha njira tubular ndi kayendedwe ka madzi ndi mpweya "katundu" ali pa ndithu zoyendera mtunda payipi. Ndi izo, kupereka yapakati-dera, ndipo mayiko intercontinental mafuta ndi gasi. Ntchito ikuchitika mwa kusiyana kuthamanga mu dongosolo ndi malamulo ake, motero, ogwira ntchito zoyendera umaimiridwa ndi Mabwana ndi owayang'anila zinthu.

ubwino monga manufacturability, ntchito ndi kupezeka nthawi zonse. The kuipa - zofuna mkulu pa chitetezo ndi kugwilizana, mosalekeza kulamulira cholinga yopapatiza ya mapeto.

Ndikofunikira kwambiri kuonetsetsa moyo wabwino anthu, chifukwa cha kugwira ntchito umadalira pa n'zotheka kuphika zosavuta, ndi mlingo wa kutentha mu nyumba pa nyengo yozizira.

Dongosolo lofunika kwambiri kwa anthu ndi zoyendera. Kodi mkhalidwe wopanda malire ndi anthu, popanda makampani cholowa chikhalidwe ndi mwayi kuyenda? Iye ali m'magazi a dziko lililonse ndipo dziko lonse. Ndi chilengedwe tsoka, komanso kuti n'zotheka kutipulumutsa.