Trigeminal malamulo ndi zinchito unit wa malamulo majini

Anthu woyamba wa dziko lino zikuoneka kuti moyo kwenikweni. Chisinthiko malangizo onse okhala ndikupita cha kutalikitsa moyo wa chamoyo kuti anatengera bwino kwa zinthu zachilengedwe, zimagwirira chitukuko cha anatengera ndi kuthekera kufala kwa zinachitikira mibadwo wotsatira. Pangani mamolekyulu organic malinga ndi dongosolo walola moyo padziko lapansi kuti apeze kufalikira ndi kuyamba kukula bwino. Limagwirira wa yosungirako masanjidwewo ndi kufala kwa uthengawu ku maselo lidzasinthidwa dongosolo la 'kala' ikusonyeza chibadwa, pamene chigawo chachikulu - ndi zinchito unit wa malamulo chibadwa.

Chiphunzitso chachikulu cha zamoyo

Chibadwa - ndi chigawo chachikulu cha kupitiriza zamoyo moyo. Nature walenga njira HIV ndi kubalana wa mudziwe majini ndi kabisidwe zimapanga zikuchokera unyolo zidulo mkati. Nchito zidulo mkati (DNA ndi RNA) - kusunga ndi kusamutsa kwa kapangidwe ka zonsezo. Ndi mapuloteni ndi zochita kagayidwe kachakudya anagwira phenotypic akuti deta izi. Ndondomekozi majini - liniya masanjidwewo kusunga pa dongosolo mapuloteni ndi kujambula atatu ake nucleotides mu unyolo mkati acid. Laling'ono zinchito unit wa malamulo majini kuti lili ndi mfundo za osachepera structural unit wa mapuloteni - ndi triplet wa nucleotides mu DNA kapena RNA unyolo. mudziwe kuti kuchokera DNA mRNA ndi mRNA zina RNA ndi mapuloteni mamolekyulu.

Universal dongosolo 'kala' ikusonyeza

Pa mokwana za malamulo opanga khalidwe sayansi panatenga zaka, ndi kukula - chabe khumi. Kuyambira kumayambiriro mfundo za Kapangidwe ka DNA awiri helix (1953 Watson ndipo Crick) unazindikira udindo wake monga chuma cholowa, ndipo anayamba kufunafuna ndi zilembo, amene amapezeka pa mfundo yake. lingaliro limene zinchito unit wa malamulo chibadwa, nyukiliotayidi wina nthawi yomweyo sindikanakhoza kupirira kutsutsa. Anayi wowonjezera nyukiliotayidi (adein, guanine, cytosine ndi thymine) DNA akhoza encode mapuloteni 21 kwa amino zidulo. Masamu, sayansi ndi akatswiri omwe amagwira ntchito mwachangu kufunafuna chitetezo ndi kabisidwe mwamsanga anapeza kuti kwa amino asidi umodzi wolemba pulogalamu ndondomeko ya nucleotides atatu. Choncho, zinchito unit wa malamulo opanga khalidwe - ndi triplet wa nucleotides, udindo kaphatikizidwe wa asidi mapuloteni kwa amino. Atatu (codons) 64, limene 61 - chikumbumtima codons (kabisidwe kwa amino acid), ndi 3 otsala - phindu. Iwo Musatenge zokhudza asidi kwa amino, ndipo akhale ngati amasiya codon kuyambitsa kapena kumaliza kupanga mapuloteni molekyulu.

Triplet - ndi zinchito unit wa malamulo majini

Biopolymer mkati asidi molekyulu tichipeza monomers - nucleotides. Anthu nawonso, kulenga DNA mosalekeza kumene mudziwe galamafoniyo ndondomeko imafalikira ku mRNA malinga ndi chimango kuwerenga, pamene wamng'ono malamulo phindu ali triplet wa nucleotides - T. kuwerenga chimango amasuntha unidirectionally, ndipo ali bwino malamulo majini ndi degeneracy wa unambiguity (redundancy).

Pointedness ndi wapadera

mudziwe Triplet ndi lomveka, i.e. chiŵerengero asidi 1 T -1 kwa amino si variably. Kwa amino asidi akhoza ndiyotengera ndi atatu angapo, koma zenizeni triplet - inayake kwa amino acid. kuwerenga chimango nthawi zonse anatilangizira mbali imodzi, ndipo ichi ndi chifukwa kukhalapo kwa atatu, kuyambitsa kuwerenga ndi kumaliza. Izi amasunga mtendere wa dongosolo mapuloteni. Wina chuma cha atatu - disjointness. Izi zikutanthauza kuti nyukiliotayidi ndiyo kwenikweni mbali atatu, koma imodzi yokha basi.

The redundancy zachilengedwe

The degeneracy wa (redundancy) ya malamulo majini - ichi ndi chitetezo malire a chamoyo. Iye amateteza maselo ndi mavuto aakulu masinthidwe. Lililonse limakhala zinchito za ndondomekozi kumtundu kukumana M'MALO 1, 2 ndi 3 nucleotides mu triplet a. Choncho, 9 oloŵa m'malo Pamalo iliyonse oloŵa m'malo triplet nyukiliotayidi iliyonse 4-1 = 3 zotheka chimake, ndi chifukwa timapeza 61 ndi 9 = 549 mitundu m'malo nucleotides mu triplet a. Izi kwambiri kuposa m'pofunika encode 21 kwa amino zidulo. pereizbytochnost ichi kapena degeneracy, ndipo anapereka kuli zamoyo moyo ndi kuchepetsa kuti osachepera zolakwa pamene kuwerenga zambiri za chibadwa.

Codon kapena triplet?

Mu mabuku, ndi triplet wa nucleotides, monga yense zinchito wotchedwa triplet kapena codon. kusiyana ndi kaya chiyani? Mawu akuti "codon" ntchito ndondomeko mwachindunji yomasulira - posamutsa mfundo RNA kuti mapuloteni molekyulu. Mawu akuti "triplet" ntchito nkhani timapangira zamalankhulidwe, pofotokoza mfundo kuwerenga chimango ndi onse RNA ndi DNA.