Vera Figner: biography ndi mfundo zochititsa chidwi kuchokera ku moyo

Chifukwa cha kusintha kwakukulu kwa Russia, mopanda malire, kunagwirizana ndi kuthamanga kwa akazi mofulumira. Atsikana ambiri kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri ndi makumi awiri (20th century) adasiya udindo wa mkazi ndi amayi ndipo adagonjetsedwa ndi mphamvu zawo, komanso ufulu wa anthu onse. Mmodzi mwa anthu opambana kwambiri pa gulu la anthu opanduka pazaka za m'ma 1900 anali Vera Figner, yemwe anapita m'mbiri yakale akukonzekera mwamphamvu kupha Mfumu Alexander II.

Chiyambi

Wotchuka wotembenuzidwa Figner Vera Nikolaevna, monga momwe nthawi zambiri zimakhalira mu kayendetsedwe ka kusintha kwadziko, anali ndi mbiri yabwino. M'nkhani ya mbiri yomwe analemba ku Moscow mu 1926, yemwe anali wovomereza kwambiri, adanena kuti Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Figner, agogo ake a bambo ake, anali mtsogoleri wochokera ku Livonia (gawo la masiku ano a Baltic). Mu 1828, pokhala pa udindo wa lieutenant-colonel, adatumizidwa kwa wolemekezeka m'chigawo cha Kazan.

Amalondawo anali pamzere wa amayi. Agogo a Vera Nikolaevna, Christopher Petrovich Kupriyanov, ochokera kwa eni nyumba akuluakulu, anali oweruza wachigawo. Iye anali ndi minda m'gawo la Tetyushinsky ndi chigawo cha Ufa. Komabe, kuchokera ku chuma chake kunali 400 okha aatatinas a m'mudzi wa Khristoforovka, omwe anatumizidwa kwa amayi ake. Bambo, Nikolai Aleksandrovich Figner, mu 1847, ali mkulu wa kapitala wamkulu, atapuma pantchito.

Ubwana

Vera Figner anabadwira m'chaka cha 1852 m'chigawo cha Kazan. Panali ana ena asanu m'banja: Alongo Lydia, Eugene ndi Olga, abale Nikolai ndi Peter. Pokumbukira makolo awo, ogawenga wam'tsogolo analemba kuti iwo anali osiyana kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe, koma pa nthawi yomweyi anali amphamvu komanso amphamvu kwambiri, komanso ochita chidwi kwambiri. Amakumbukira izi, adalandira katemera mwa njira imodzi kwa ana onse, omwe aliyense mwa iwo, mwina chifukwa cha maphunziro akuluakulu, adasiya chizindikiro chake m'mbiri.

Vera Figner, yemwe amafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane m'buku lake "Imprinted Labor," analemba kuti ali mwana analibe kuzindikira kuti mwanayo ndi ndani, komanso analibe chiyanjano pakati pa makolo ndi ana. Maziko a maphunziro anali chilango chokhwima, zizolowezi za Spartan zinapangidwa. Komanso, abalewo anaweruzidwa. Munthu wapafupi yekha wa ana anali Natalya Makarevna wawo wakale. Ndipo komabe Vera Figner akunena kuti m'banja lomwelo simunakhalepo ndewu, panalibe mawu achipongwe "ndipo panalibe bodza." Chifukwa cha utumiki wa abambo, banja lawo linkakhala m'mudzimo ndipo analibe misonkhano yambiri ya mzindawo, motero Vera Nikolaevna akuti, "sitinkadziwa chinyengo, kapena kunyoza ndi kunyoza."

Achinyamata

Zotsatira zake kapena ngakhale, koma ana onse a m'banja adatuluka, monga akunena, kwa anthu: Peter anakhala mkulu wamkulu wazamigodi, Nikolai - woimbira wotchuka wa opera. Koma alongo, onse atatu, adadzipereka okha ku nkhondo yandale.

Ndipo Vera Nikolaevna Figner, yemwe amafotokozera mwachidule zojambulajambula pazokambirana zathu, adadzipereka yekha ku zifukwa zomveka za kusintha.

Ubwana unatha pamene mtsikanayo anadziwika ku Kazan Rodionovsky Institute of Noble Maidens. Maphunzirowa adachokera ku ziphunzitso zachipembedzo, zomwe Vera adakondabe nazo, ndikukayikira kuti kulibe Mulungu. Maphunzirowa anakhalapo zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, pamene mtsikanayo anapita kunyumba kukachita maulendo 4 okha.

Atamaliza maphunziro awo, Vera Figner anabwerera kwawo kumudzi. Monga momwe iye mwini adalembera, Amalume Pyotr Kupriyanov okha adawachezera m'chipululu, omwe ankadziwa bwino maganizo a Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov ndi Pisarev, komanso chiphunzitso cha utilitarianism, chimene mtsikanayo adalowanso. Iye sanali kudziwana mwachindunji ndi mlimi, moyo weniweni ndi zenizeni, malingana ndi mawu ake oyenera, anadutsa ndi iye, zomwe zinamukhudza kwambiri ubwenzi wake ndi moyo ndi anthu.

Mphamvu zakunja

Choyamba chodziwika ndi mabuku ofunika kwambiri ku Figner chinachitika ali ndi zaka 13 pamene abambo ake a Kupriyanov analola kuti azipita nawo ku sukuluyo chaka chilichonse cha magazini ya "Russian word". Komabe, ntchito zowerengedwa apo sizinakhudze mtsikanayo. Ku sukuluyi, kuwerenga kunali koletsedwa, ndipo mabuku omwe mayiyo anapereka amaphatikizapo zowonongeka komanso zowonongeka kwambiri kusiyana ndi chitukuko cha nzeru. Zolemba zambiri sizinafike m'manja mwake mpaka nthawi ina.

Choyamba chokhudzidwa kwambiri pa iye chinapanga buku loti "Wokha yekha m'munda si wankhondo" Shpilgagen. Chodabwitsa kwambiri, koma buku lofunika, Vera Figner adakondwerera Uthenga Wabwino. Ngakhale adatsatira kuti kulibe Mulungu, adachokera m'buku la moyo mfundo zomwe zinamtsogolera moyo wake wonse. Makamaka, kudzipereka kwathunthu kamodzi kokha cholinga chosankhidwa. Nthano ya Nekrasov "Sasha", yomwe idaphunzitsa kuti asalekanitse mawu kumlanduwu, adatsiriza mapangidwe a dziko lonse lapansi.

Ukwati

Chikhumbo chokhala wothandiza, kubweretsa chisangalalo chochuluka momwe tingathere kwa anthu ambiri mwanjira yodalirika zinachititsa kuti iye afune kuphunzira pa Aesculapius. Anaganiza zophunzira mankhwala ku Switzerland. Koma adakwanitsa kuzindikira cholinga ichi mu 1870, atakwatiwa ndi wofufuza wina dzina lake Aleksey Filippov. Kumva kamodzi, momwe wofunsidwayo akufunsidwa ndi kuwona kuponderezedwa, amakhulupirira mwamuna wake kusiya ntchitoyi ndikupita naye kukaphunzira zachipatala ku yunivesite ya Zurich.

Atafika kudziko lina, Figner Vera Nikolaevna anakumanapo ndipo anayamba kugwirizana ndi maganizo a chikhalidwe cha anthu, komiti komanso kayendetsedwe ka anthu. Kusankhidwa kwa mbali ya kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kunayamba ndi kuyendera mzere wa "freecia" ku Zurich, kumene anakumana ndi French socialists Kabe, Saint-Simon, Fourier, Louis Blanc, Proudhon. Monga momwe adadziwonetsera yekha, kusankha mbali ya revolution iyo idauziridwa mopanda malire ndi lingaliro lachilungamo monga mwa "nkhanza zowononga kayendetsedwe ka zintchito ndi olamulira."

Bwererani ku Russia

Mu 1875, mamembala a freechey circle omwe anadza ku Russia kufalitsa malingaliro achikhalidwe pakati pa ogwira ntchitoyo adagwidwa. Atalandira pempho kuchokera kwa abwenzi ake kuti apitirize mgwirizanowu ku Russia, Vera Figner - nkhaniyi ikukhudza mwachidule zomwe anakumana nazo ndi kukaikira izi - anakakamizika kuchoka ku yunivesite ndikubwerera kwawo. Kukayikira kwake kunagwirizana ndi mfundo yakuti iye amaponya nkhaniyo, ngakhale kuti nthawi zonse ankaona kuti ndi wamantha. Ku Russia, adapitiliza mayeso kwa odwala opaleshoni. Atatha zaka zisanu akukwatirana, adasudzulana ndi mwamuna wake, yemwe sanasangalale nawo pulogalamuyi, ndipo anapita ku Petersburg.

Pakatikati pa zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi ziwiri za m'ma 1900, pulogalamu yatsopano yatsopano inayamba kukhazikitsidwa. Makamaka, nkhondo yeniyeni ndi akuluakulu. Ndiye kwa nthawi yoyamba iwo anayamba kulankhula za kugwiritsa ntchito dynamite mukumenyana.

Mu 1878, kuwombera koyamba kunawomba, komwe kunasintha kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake ku Russia. Ku St. Petersburg, meya wa Trepov, Vera Zasulich anawombera. Kunali kubwezera chilango cha chigamulo, yemwe wamndende wina wa ndale anazunzidwa chifukwa sanachotse zipewa zake pamaso pa akuluakulu a boma. Pambuyo pake, kubwezera ndi kugwilitsila nchito mantha kunali kuchitika kudutsa m'dziko lonseli.

Kulengedwa kwa "Narodnaya Volya"

Vera Figner, ngakhale kuti sanachite nawo mwachindunji gulu "Dziko ndi Ufulu," komabe anamuthandizira iye ndi malingaliro ndi bwalo lake lodziimira la "ogawanika." Anagwira nawo msonkhano wa bungwe ku Voronezh. Komabe, monga adalembera, pamsonkhanowo, palibe chomwe chinagwirizana. Kugonjera kunali kupitiliza chidziwitso chokonzekera kumidzi ndi, panthawi yomweyi, kukamenyana ndi boma. Kuyanjana, monga mwachizolowezi, kunapangitsa kuti gululo ligawidwe. Anthu omwe ankaona kuti ndi koyenera kulimbana ndi boma ndipo adawona kuti ntchito yawo ikuphwanya ulamuliro wa autopsy, womwe umagwirizanitsa phwandolo "Narodnaya Volya". Vera Figner adalowa ndi komiti yake yaikulu.

Anthu a chipani chatsopano adatsimikiza mtima kwambiri. Anthu angapo a bungweli anali kukonzekera dynamite, ndipo ena onse akukonza ndondomeko yakupha Mfumu Alexander II. Vera Figner, yemwe chithunzi chake chimatiuza za msungwana woonda komanso wolimba, koma osati za chigawenga, adagwira nawo mbali pokonzekera kupha ku Odessa mu 1880 ndi ku Petersburg mu 1881. Poyamba, kutenga nawo gawo sikunakonzedwe, koma, monga momwe iye mwini adalembera, "misozi yanga inachepetsa abwenzi anga," ndipo adachita nawo nkhondo yoyamba ya zigawenga.

Kuchokera ku chilango cha imfa muyeso

Bungwe lonse linagwera m'manja mwa kufufuza mu 1883. Vera anatha miyezi 20 akukhala yekhaokha mu Peter ndi Paul Fortress. Kenaka anaimbidwa mlandu ndikuweruzidwa kuti aphedwe, yomwe idasinthidwa ndi ntchito yosagwira ntchito. Anakhala zaka makumi awiri ku Shlisselburg. Mu 1904 iye anatumizidwa ku Arkhangelsk, kenako kudziko la Kazan. Atapititsa ku Nizhny Novgorod, analoledwa kuchoka ku Russia, ndipo mu 1906 ananyamuka kukagwira ntchito yake yamayiko kunja.

Anabwerera kwawo kokha mu 1915, anasankhidwa ku Msonkhano Wachigawo pambuyo pa Revolution ya February. Komabe, October Revolution sanalandire ndipo sanakhale membala wa Party ya Chikomyunizimu. Mu 1932, chaka cha tsiku lachisanu ndi chitatu cha kubadwa kwake, ntchito yamphumphu yonse inafalitsidwa mu mabuku asanu ndi awiri, kuphatikizapo buku lake lotchedwa The Sealed Labor, yokhudza kayendetsedwe ka Russia.