Zaumunthu ndi mtsutso pa udindo wake mu zaka mazana makumi awiri

Zokambirana za choonadi, ambiri mu zaka mazana makumi awiri, anapatsa zimayambitsa mavuto ndi antinomy latsopano. Kupezeka kwa psychoanalysis anathandiza kusandutsa ku njira ya mankhwala mu chiphunzitso ndi akatswiri maganizo kwa ubale ndi chikumbumtima kukomoka mwa munthu. Wanzeru njira anathyola kumvetsa miyambo ya choonadi, chifukwa iye ankakhulupirira kuti choonadi cha chiphunzitso chilichonse ndi "mphamvu ntchito" wake, kuti ndi momwe ziliri abwino chondichitikira. Koma wotchuka kwambiri chinali nzeru za sayansi, zomwe waika pa mtima wa mavuto padziko lonse chifukwa cha p lapansi. The chopunthwitsa pakati masukulu osiyanasiyana a ganizo kukhala a zaumunthu.

nzeru Analytic anatenga categorical rationally-scientistic malo. Iye ananena kuti sayansi ndi Zimatheka. Kukamba positivism, kudzera mwa Russell, Carnap, oimira wa Vienna Circle ntchito zida maganizo masamu kulenga chinenero wapadera. Iye ankayenera kuti ntchito yekha ndi mfundo verifiable. Kwa iwo n'zotheka kumanga zogwirizana nyumba ndiye kuti ali "akhoza kulekerera" monga ziphunzitso. Zikuonekeratu kuti zaumunthu makolo mu njira iyi, titero kumbuyo. Koma si onse. Chiphunzitso cha "chinenero masewera" Wittgenstein ndi otsatira ake m'Malemba ndi zosagwirizana a amalanga zachilengedwe ndi masamu ndi "sayansi ya mzimu."

bwino kwambiri azimuth imeneyi yafotokozedwera mfundo Karl Popper. Iye ankaona zaumunthu yekha ntchito ndi bwino adawatsutsa ufulu chiphunzitso. Mlembi wa "anthu lotseguka" zochokera zifukwa ziwiri. Choyamba, systematization aliyense mu dera ndi yothandiza kwambiri m'maganizo, ndipo kachiwiri - sayansi kachilombo "holism" imene imapangitsa iwo kufotokoza mfundo ndi kufunafuna mtundu wa kukhulupirika sanali sakupezeka. Komanso, iwo ndi zopanda nzeru. Choncho, Popper anaukira pamwamba limatchula onse a m'dera lino nzeru za anthu. Zaumunthu - mlandu nzeru zapamwamba - nzeru zachibwana. Bukuli lili ndi maganizo zopanda nzeru ndi zilakolako kuti khungu, gawani ndi kulepheretsa zokambirana.

Komabe, njira zonsezi angaletsedwe, ndi kutchuka cha ubale zosiyana zaumunthu lapansi. Njira imeneyi anapanga nkhope ya mzaka zana makumi awiri mosalephera, kuti Popper. Tikuyankhula zokhudza tate wa ku hermeneutics nthanthi ya Hans-Georg Gadamer. Kuvomereza kuti zonse zachilengedwe ndi anthu sayansi wachibadidwe amasiyana njira kutanthauzira, si nzeru zapamwamba zoipa ndi zabwino chitukuko. Mu masamu, sayansi ya chiphunzitso zamoyo analengedwa monga mwa njira ya. Ndiyeno iwowa auka kwa chidziwitso cha malamulo ndi wamba (causal) links. Apa pakubwera udindo wa zaumunthu ndi choonadi awo uli pafupi ndi moyo weniweniwo, kwa anthu ndi maganizo awo. Kwa chiphunzitso cha khalidwe zachilengedwe chinthu chachikulu - izo limafanana ndi zoona. Ndipo zaumunthu, monga mbiri - mwalawapangodya zimaonekera akamanena za mwambo wokha amachotsa chofunda chake.

Gadamer oyamba kubwerera zabwino mtundu mfundo za "mphamvu". Izi ndi zomwe zimapangitsa "sayansi ya mzimu," chomwe iwo ali. M'dera lino, sitingadziwe popanda thandizo la akalambula, ndi chifukwa miyambo n'chofunikira zofunika kwambiri kwa ife. rationality athu akuthandiza yekha tokha kusankha ulamuliro umene timakhulupirira. Ndi mwambo kuti titsatire. Ndipo mgwirizanowu a m'mbuyomu ndiponso masiku ano ali ndi udindo zaumunthu lapansi.