Maphunziro amuzolengedwa njira: kufotokoza, mbali ndi zotsatira. Amuzolengedwa chibadwa njira

Amuzolengedwa njira - njira yaikulu mu sayansi njira zikuluzikulu za matenda a matenda osiyanasiyana amene amayambitsa matenda kagayidwe kachakudya. Ndi njira imeneyi kusanthula ayankhidwa m'nkhaniyi.

maofesi matenda

Zinthu kusanthula amuzolengedwa matenda awa:

• magazi;
• mkodzo;
• thukuta ndipo thupi zina madzi;
• nsalu;
• maselo.

Amuzolengedwa kufufuza njira zimathandiza kudziwa ntchito enzyme, nkhani za malonda a kagayidwe mu madzi zosiyanasiyana za thupi komanso kudziwa kuyan'anila mu kagayidwe, amene chifukwa chibadwa.

nkhani

Open amuzolengedwa njira A. English dokotala Garrod m'zaka za m'ma makumi awiri. Iye anaphunzira homogentisuria, ndi maphunziro, iwo anapezeka kukhala kagayidwe kachakudya kobadwa nako kapena matenda kagayidwe kachakudya akhoza pamaziko cha kusowa kwa michere yeniyeni.

Various matenda otengera chifukwa cha masinthidwe amatha kusintha kapangidwe ndi mlingo wa kaphatikizidwe mapuloteni mu thupi. Izi kusokonezedwa zimam'patsa mapuloteni ndi zamadzimadzi kagayidwe.

waukulu

Pofuna kuphunzira mipweya matenda ovutika ndi zipangizo zamoyo minofu, monga kumachitika mu kudwala ya kusintha ndende, pakalibe zigawo zikuluzikulu kapena mosinthanitsa maonekedwe a chigawo china chilichonse. Yoganizira amuzolengedwa anatsimikiza kuchuluka kwa zinthu zina, mahomoni bwino, michere.

Ankafufuza mamolekyulu, mapuloteni, zidulo mkati ndi zinthu zina zomwe zili mbali ya zamoyo.

zotsatira

Zotsatira za njira amuzolengedwa kafukufuku akhoza kugawidwa mu Mkhalidwe (amapezeka sanapezeke) ndi kachulukidwe (mmene okhutira ndi zinthu mu biomaterial a).

Mu Mkhalidwe kufufuza njira ntchito katundu khalidwe la thunthu ntchito, zomwe kusonyeza ena exposures mankhwala (pamene mkangano, Kuwonjezera reagents).

Direct kachulukidwe njira ya kufufuza zachokera mfundo koma choyamba kudziwa kudziwika ndi zinthu, ndiyeno kuyeza ndende zake.

Mahomoni, owayimira ali thupi zedi ochepa, choncho amanena chimaonekera mwa zinthu kwachilengedwenso mayeso (mwachitsanzo, thupi lonse kapena munthu nyama experimental). Zimenezi tilinazo ndi kulunjika maphunziro.

kusanduka mbiri

njira amuzolengedwa bwino kuti zotsatira zolondola kwambiri ndi zokhudza chikhalidwe cha njira kagayidwe kachakudya mu thupi, njira kagayidwe kachakudya mu ziwalo zathu zenizeni ndi maselo. Posachedwapa, njira kwachilengedwenso matenda pamodzi ndi njira zina zofufuzira ngati m'thupi, histological, cytological, ndi ena. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zovuta kuzimvetsa kwambiri kapena njira chotchuka ntchito zipangizo zina zapadera.

Pali china malangizo amuzolengedwa njira, amene sayambitsa pempho matenda matenda. Ndi chitukuko ndi ntchito kwambiri mofulumira ndi chosavuta njira kuti akhoza kulola maminiti pang'ono kudziwa chofunika ziyenera a magawo amuzolengedwa.

Masiku ano zasayansi zida ndi zipangizo zatsopano ndi zapamwamba injini ndi zodziwikiratu machitidwe ndi zipangizo (analyzers) kuti amakulolani kudziwa mlingo yoyenera mwamsanga ndiponso molondola.

njira amuzolengedwa phunziro: Njira

Muyeso wa mankhwala mu madzi kwachilengedwenso ndi mtima wawo uli kupangidwa kukhala osiyana m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, kutifotokozera chizindikiro ngati mafuta esterase kumakhala mazanamazana mungachite njira amuzolengedwa kafukufuku. Kusankha njira ya kumadalira chikhalidwe cha phunziro la madzi kwachilengedwenso.

Amuzolengedwa maphunziro agwiritsa ntchito njira kudziwa chinthu chimodzi kapena chizindikiro singly ndi mphamvu. chizindikiro ichi ndi kufufuzidwa pa nthawi yoyenera ya tsiku, pansi pa katundu yeniyeni, mu ndondomeko matenda, pamene kulandira mankhwala.

Features njira

NKHANI amuzolengedwa njira:

• osachepera kuchuluka kwa biomaterial ya;
• liwiro kuwunika;
• n'zotheka mobwerezabwereza ntchito njira;
• olondola;
• njira amuzolengedwa angagwiritsidwe ntchito njira ya matenda;
• kumwa mankhwala sikumangotikhudza zotsatira kuphunzira.

njira amuzolengedwa cha chibadwa

Chibadwa, njira zambiri ntchito maphunziro cytogenetic. Timatha inu kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane dongosolo la asakhale ndi vutoli ndipo karyotype. Njira imeneyi n'zotheka kudziwa ndi monogenic matenda otengera zimawachitikira masinthidwe ndi polymorphisms imene imachititsa ndi nyumba zawo.

Amuzolengedwa chibadwa njira tsopano ankagwiritsa ntchito kupeza mitundu yatsopano ya alleles ZOOPSA mu DNA lapansi. Mwa njira iyi anazindikiritsidwa ndi anafotokoza zoposa 1000 matenda izi kagayidwe kachakudya. Ambiri mwa matenda anafotokoza - ndi matenda amene amagwirizana ndi zopindika michere ndi mapuloteni ena structural.

Matenda a matenda kagayidwe kachakudya mwa njira amuzolengedwa amachitika magawo awiri.

Gawo loyamba:

• amasankha milandu amaganiziridwa.

Gawo lachiwiri:

• woyengeka matenda matenda olondola ndi zovuta ndondomeko.

makanda mu nthawi akalandire chithandizo mothandizidwa ndi njira amuzolengedwa anachita matenda a matenda tinatengera zipangitsa kuzindikira mwamsanga kudwala ndi kuyamba chithandizo nthawi.

mitundu ya njira

Amuzolengedwa chibadwa njira akhoza kukhala osiyanasiyana. Onse m'magulu awiri:

1. njira amuzolengedwa, zomwe ndi zochokera kudziwika mankhwala ena amuzolengedwa. Ichi ndi chifukwa kusintha zochita za alleles zosiyanasiyana.
2. The njira, ozikidwa pa mfundo kuti mwachindunji kudziwa asintha zidulo mkati ndi mapuloteni ndi gel osakaniza electrophoresis osakaniza ndi njira zina monga kuipitsa mwakusakaniza Southern, autoradiography.

Amuzolengedwa njira Zimathandizanso kudziwa onyamula heterozygous matenda osiyanasiyana. njira Mutational mu thupi kumabweretsa maonekedwe a alleles ndi chromosomal rearrangements, zomwe ndi zoipa kwa thanzi la munthu.

njira amuzolengedwa matenda angazindikire polymorphisms osiyana ndi masinthidwe mbewu. Kusintha njira amuzolengedwa ndi amuzolengedwa matenda a nthawi kwathu kumathandiza anthu kudziwa komanso kutsimikizira nambala matenda a osiyana njira kagayidwe kachakudya za thupi.

Nkhaniyi ndemangayi kusanthula amuzolengedwa.