Zikuluzikulu za asayansi atulukira - ndi Pauli mfundo

Zomwe kwambiri za sayansi kale ntchito m'munda wa kapangidwe ka nkhani pa mlingo wa zinthu zosiyanasiyana za nyukiliya maganizo, amanena chiyambi cha m'ma lomaliza. Mmodzi wa anatulukira izi mu phunziro la microworld umadziwika m'mbiri ya sayansi amatchedwa "Pauli mfundo." Ndi nthawi zinadziwika kuti chikhalidwe kwadzidzidzi zodabwitsa zochitika mu maatomu, kwambiri kusintha mfundo zambiri za zochitika zenizeni microcosm lapansi. Ndipo kodi izo - ndi kwadzidzidzi? mtundu uwu wa thupi kuchuluka kuyeza wagawo mu mawonekedwe a kuthungo "gawo" pansipa sangakhale. Mwachitsanzo, utali wozungulira woyamba elekitironi kanjira sangakhale zosakwana 5,29 · 10-11 mamita mtunda ochepera mtengo izi sizolondola kunena -. Iwo sakanakhoza kulibe.

Kwadzidzidzi ndi bwino thupi mfundo zimene zili misa, mphamvu, mphamvu zambiri kumvetsa za chikhalidwe cha ma elekitironi ndi tinthu ena amapanga atomu. Ndipo, ndithudi, nkhani kulankhula za 'nyumba midadada ya dziko "kuti analengedwa zida pofotokoza iwo. Kuyambira pamenepo, boma la elekitironi a amakhala ndi manambala anayi, wotchedwa kwadzidzidzi. osakaniza osiyanasiyana chiwerengero anatsimikiza yekha zonse ndi wapadera maonekedwe a elekitironi iliyonse. Pamene anakhala zotheka pofotokoza mphamvu, malo ndi limati mkati mwa elekitironi, pa zolinga ali nalo funso lotsatira - ndi momwe ma elekitironi umene aliyense atomu akhoza kukhala ambiri, zili padziko phata la? Kodi "odzaza"? Kuphunzira nkhani zimenezi zinachititsa kuti chiphunzitso cha lamulo, panopa limatchedwa Pauli kupatulana mfundo. Kwenikweni ake ndi chiyani?

A pang'ono kudziletsa maphunziro

1. atomu mu maonekedwe ake losavuta ali Gawo - pachimake ndi ma elekitironi ndi mtima ankalemekeza pakati ndi mu kanjira padziko phata la. The radii wa ukuzungulira (amaimira n) kutenga mfundo za integers kuyambira kwadzidzidzi chimodzi - osachepera zotheka "magawo" mtunda. Pakuti choncho pamene N = 1, tili ndi otsika "wochepa" kanjira, pa zimene elekitironi amanena ndi mphamvu kuthungo. Mlingo mphamvu ya elekitironi ndi anatsimikiza ndi nambala kwadzidzidzi N, lomwe limatchedwanso olemekezeka. Onani kuti utali wozungulira opatsidwa N akhoza kugwira ntchito zowerengetsa chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi mu kanjira ichi ndi chilinganizo N = 2 (n • n). Izi mosavuta masamu malire chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi pa kanjira ndi N chiwerengero: choyamba - awiri, lachiwiri - eyiti wachitatu - khumi, etc. Mfundo imeneyi ya kudzazidwa zipolopolo, mwa kuchuluka kwa ma elekitironi osati choposa N, - ndi fundo zofunikira kuti muli Pauli kupatulana mfundo.

2. Intaneti mphamvu ndipo akhoza kukhala sublayers mulingo uliwose lalikulu. Iwo amaimira L, wotchedwa mbali (kapena yozungulira) kwadzidzidzi nambala angakhale ndi phindu kwa L 0 kuti 4. mtengo wa L ndiyo mawonekedwe okhudza malo a elekitironi mtambo: ozungulira, dumbbell, etc.

3. kayendedwe ka elekitironi, mu mawu ena, otaya panopa kumabweretsa chilengedwe m'munda wa zozungulira maginito. Koma mu nkhani iyi, elekitironi yozungulira ndi mphindi maginito, amene amakhala ndi wina, wachitatu, pa kwadzidzidzi chiwerengero ml. Njirayi imatchedwa maginito kwadzidzidzi chiwerengero ndi ziyerekezo kwa patsogolo yozungulira ya elekitironi motsogozedwa maginito. Zinthu akhoza kutenga chiwerengero cha ml, bodza mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera -l kuti L +, ndi mtengo ziro, ndi onse a iwo akhoza kukhala (2l + 1).

4. Pomaliza, khalidwe lomaliza la kwadzidzidzi elekitironi - sapota. Iwo limapangidwa awiri okha Mbali MS = + 1/2 ndi MS = -1 / 2. Akamanena thupi la sapota - mwamwambo mphindi ya patsogolo ya elekitironi, amene alibe mogwirizana ndi kayendedwe ake m'malere.

Kulankhulana kwa Pauli mfundo ndi nthawi dongosolo Di Mendeleev

Mu 1925 anapeza mu sayansi ya katundu chachikulu microworld linapangidwa zokhala ndi kofunika kwambiri kwa tebulo Mendeleev. Iwo anapatsidwa dzina lake "godfather" ndipo wakhala kudziwika monga Pauli kupatulana mfundo. Umagwirira ngati sayansi ya zipangizo ndi zimene ankachita mu chimango cha dongosolo nthawi sanathe kufotokoza zambiri za njira zako kuchitika pa gulu la ma atomu, mamolekyu, ndi maphunziro, etc. Chifukwa chachikulu chinali kuti mlingo wa tsatanetsatane wa maatomu, mwa mawu a zimapangidwira, anayamba atomu mfundo elekitironi pachimake. Izi atomiki-maselo mfundo kuti anatuluka ndi anadziyesa pafupifupi 150 zapitazo - m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi. Patapita kanthawi, NDINE Butlerof anayamba chiphunzitso cha mankhwala, kenako anapeza lamulo nthawi. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti azipereka kubadwa kwa mamolekyulu ku maatomu ndi kupereka kumvetsa atomiki "chuma" chipangizo.

Kumvetsa akamanena za makhalidwe kwadzidzidzi wa chitsanzo elekitironi zinayamba kutheka pambuyo popeza anakonza ndi Pauli mfundo. Ndi iwo analandira mumve za makonzedwe chithunzi chipolopolo ndi dongosolo la kudzaza ma elekitironi. Akamanena za mfundo ndi kuti ma elekitironi akhoza kukhala kuphatikiza aliyense wa pamwamba anayi kwadzidzidzi mbali atomu koma sangathe lopangidwa ndi ma elekitironi awiri ofanana mu maonekedwe onse kwadzidzidzi.

The chifukwa chachikulu cha atulukira dongosolo atomiki ya malamulo, imene muli Pauli kupatulana mfundo - sayansi, ie, chikhalidwe cha chodabwitsa, amene tichipeza mu nadzaza ma elekitironi chipolopolo. Ndipo uyu, nayenso anapereka maziko kuthandiza malamulo nthawi ndi nthawi. Choncho, "mankhwala" nkhani za dongosolo ambiri wa maatomu ndi tinthu malamulo analandira watero zake zikuluzikulu mu sayansi ndi kumanga mkati "zomangamanga" wa maatomu.