Zithunzi zojambulajambula: zojambula ndi ojambula otchuka

Zojambula za ku Ulaya za kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 zinapindula ndi kuyambira kwa chizoloŵezi cha masiku ano chojambula. Pambuyo pake, chikoka chake chinafalikira ku nyimbo ndi mabuku. Icho chinatchedwa "Impressionism", chifukwa chinali chozikidwa pa zojambula zojambula kwambiri za ojambula, zithunzi ndi maganizo.

Chiyambi ndi mbiri ya zochitika

Achinyamata ambiri ojambula m'magulu a theka la 19 th century adagwirizana pamodzi. Anali ndi cholinga chimodzi komanso zofanana. Chinthu chachikulu kwa kampaniyi chinali kugwira ntchito pachikhalidwe, popanda makoma a msonkhano ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana. Muzojambula zawo, iwo ankafuna kufotokoza zonse zowonongeka, kutengeka kwa masewero a kuwala ndi mthunzi. Malo ndi zithunzi zimasonyeza mgwirizano wa moyo ndi chilengedwe, ndi dziko lozungulira. Zojambula zawo ndi ndakatulo yeniyeni ya mitundu.

Mu 1874 chiwonetsero cha gulu ili la ojambula chinachitikira. Malo a Claude Monet "Kuwonetsa. Kutuluka kwa dzuwa "kunayima maganizo a wotsutsa, yemwe poyankhira kwake nthawi yoyamba amatcha awa opanga maganizo (ochokera ku Chifaransa) -" kutengeka ").

Zofunikira pakubadwa kwa Impressionism kalembedwe, omwe zojambula za oimira posachedwapa zidzapeza kupambana kodabwitsa, ndizo ntchito zatsopano. Ntchito ya a Spaniards Velazquez, El Greco, a Turner wa Chingerezi, Constable anagonjetsa French, omwe anali makolo a Impressionism.

Mafilimu owala kwambiri ku France anali Pissarro, Manet, Degas, Sisley, Cezan, Monet, Renoir ndi ena.

Philosophy of Impressionism mu Kujambula

Ojambula omwe analemba kalembedwe kameneka sanadzipangitse kuti azisamalira anthu ndi mavuto awo. Mu ntchito zawo mulibe ziwembu za zoipa za tsikuli, munthu sangathe kuzindikira kapena kutsutsana ndi kutsutsana kwa anthu.

Zojambula zojambula zojambulajambula zimapangitsanso kusinthasintha mtima, ndikupanga njira zamakono zozizwitsa. Mu ntchito pali malo okha omwe angoyambike bwino, opanikizika kwambiri omwe amatsutsana ndi chipani.

Ndipotu, The Impressionists sanavutike kuganiza mwa chiwembu ndi mfundo. Chofunikira chachikulu sichinali chomwe mungakoke, koma momwe mungasonyezere ndikuwonetsa maganizo anu.

Makhalidwe olemba zithunzi

Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa njira yophunzitsira yojambula ndi njira ya Impressionists. Iwo amangokana njira zambiri, ena anasintha mopitirira kuzindikira. Nazi zatsopano zomwe adapanga:

1. Anakana kukangana. Panali malo ena a smears - aang'ono ndi osiyana.
2. Lekani kugwiritsa ntchito pelet kuti musakani mitundu. Mitundu inasankhidwa yomwe ikuphatirana ndipo samafuna kuyanjana kuti mupeze zotsatira zinazake. Mwachitsanzo, chikasu - chofiirira.
3. Anasiya kujambula wakuda.
4. Anakana kwathunthu kugwira ntchito pamisonkhanoyi. Analembera kokha pa chirengedwe, kotero kuti kunali kosavuta kugwira kamphindi, chithunzi, kumverera.
5. Anagwiritsa ntchito pepala zokhala ndi luso lophimba.
6. Musati mulindire mpaka chinsalu chatsopano chauma. Mafuta atsopano anagwiritsidwa ntchito mwamsanga.
7. Zomwe zinapangidwira ntchito kuti zitsatire kusintha kwa kuwala ndi mthunzi. Mwachitsanzo, "Haystacks" ndi Claude Monet.

Inde, si ojambula onse omwe amachita ndondomeko yoyenera ya Impressionism. Mwachitsanzo, Edouard Manet anajambula zithunzi zosiyana siyana, ndipo iye mwini adadziwika yekha ngati wojambula yekha. Edgar Degas ankagwira ntchito pa zokambirana zokha, koma ubwino wa ntchito zake sizinavulaze.

Oimira French Impressionism

Chiwonetsero choyamba cha ntchito za Impressionists ndi chaka cha 1874. Pambuyo pa zaka 12, chiwonetsero chawo chotsiriza chinachitika. Ntchito yoyamba mumasewerowa ikhoza kutchedwa "Chakudya chamadzulo pa udzu" E. Manet. Chithunzi ichi chinaperekedwa mu "Salon of thecast". Anapatsidwa moni wosakondana, chifukwa anali wosiyana kwambiri ndi zida za maphunziro. Ndicho chifukwa chake Manet akukhala chiwonetsero pozungulira omwe gulu la otsatilali limasonkhana.

Mwatsoka, anthu amasiku ano sankayamikira machitidwe a Impressionism. Zithunzi ndi ojambula zinalipo zosagwirizana ndi zojambula.

Pang'onopang'ono, Claude Monet akuyamba kutsogolo pakati pa ojambula zithunzi, omwe pambuyo pake adzakhala mtsogoleri wawo komanso mfundo yaikulu ya maganizo.

Claude Monet (1840-1926)

Zolinga za wojambula uyu zingathe kufotokozedwa ngati nyimbo ya impressionism. Iye ndiye amene poyamba anakana kugwiritsa ntchito zofiira mu zojambula zake, akutsutsa kuti ngakhale mithunzi ndi usiku ziri ndi zizindikiro zina.

Dziko lojambulajambula la Monet ndilo ndondomeko yosavuta kumva, kukwapula kwa nthawi yayitali, kuyang'ana momwe angamvere masewera a masewera a usana ndi usiku, nyengo za nyengo, mgwirizano wa dziko lapansili. Kokha kamodzi kamene kanatengedwa kuchokera mu mtsinje wa moyo, kumvetsetsa kwa Monet ndipo pali chisokonezo. Zojambula zake siziwoneka kuti zilibe zakuthupi, zonsezi zimakhala ndi kuwala kwa mlengalenga ndi mitsinje.

Claude Monet adapanga ntchito zodabwitsa: "Sitima yapamwamba Saint-Lazare", "Rouen Cathedral", ulendo wa "Bridge Charing Cross" ndi ena ambiri.

Auguste Renoir (1841-1919)

Zolengedwa za Renoir zimapanga chiwonetsero cha kuwala kosayembekezereka, kutuluka kwa mpweya, kutsika. Chiwembucho chinabadwa ngati mwadzidzidzi, koma chimadziwika kuti wojambulayo adaganizira mosamalitsa pazigawo zonse za ntchito yake ndipo anagwira ntchito kuyambira m'mawa mpaka usiku.

Mbali yapadera ya ntchito ya O. Renoir ndi ntchito ya glaze, yomwe ingatheke pokhapokha polemba zojambula za mafuta. Kusokoneza maganizo mu ntchito za wojambulayo kumawonetseredwa pa kupweteka kulikonse. Munthu amadziwika ndi iye ngati chilengedwe cha chirengedwe chomwecho, chifukwa chake pali zithunzi zambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe.

Ntchito yokondedwa Renoir inali chithunzi cha mkazi wokongola ndi wokongola. Zithunzi zimakhala malo apadera pamoyo wopanga zithunzi. "Mabulule", "Mtsikana wokhala ndi fanesi", "Chakudya cham'mawa" - gawo lochepa chabe la zojambula zosangalatsa za Auguste Renoir.

Georges Sera (1859-1891)

Njira yopanga zojambulajambula ndi Sulfure inali yogwirizana ndi sayansi yolondola ya chiphunzitso cha mtundu. Wowonetsera wamagetsi anayang'aniridwa pa maziko a kudalira kwa nyimbo zazikulu ndi zina.

Ngakhale kuti J. Sera ndi woimira gawo lomalizira la impressionism, ndipo njira yake ndi yosiyana kwambiri ndi oyambitsa, imapanganso ndi chithandizo chokhazikitsa chithunzi cha fomu, kulingalira ndikuwona zomwe zingakhale patali.

Zomwe zimapangidwa mwaluso zimatha kutchedwa zojambula "Tsiku Lamlungu", "Kankan", "Model".

Oimira a Russiaismismism

Chiwonetsero cha Chirasha chinayambira pang'onopang'ono, podziphatikiza tokha zochitika ndi njira zambiri. Komabe, maziko, monga a Chifalansa, anali masomphenya ochuluka a ndondomekoyi.

M'chizunguliro cha Chirasha, ngakhale zida za French zinasungidwa, koma zochitika za chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha moyo zinasintha kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, masomphenya a chipale chofewa kapena mapiri a kumpoto anawonetsedwa mwa njira zachilendo.

Ku Russia, ojambula ochepa chabe amagwira ntchito yojambula, zojambula zawo zimakopa maso kufikira lero.

Nthawi yosokoneza maganizo ingakhale yosiyana ndi ntchito ya Valentin Serov. "Mtsikana wake wokhala ndi mapeyala" ndi chitsanzo chowoneka bwino kwambiri ndi muyeso wa kalembedwe ku Russia.

Zojambula za Konstantin Korovin zagonjetsedwa ndi kutsitsika kwawo ndi mgwirizano wa mitundu yoyera. Mutu waukulu wa ntchito ya ojambulayi ndi fano la munthu m'chilengedwe. "Northern Idyll", "M'bwato", "Fedor Chaliapin" ndi zochitika zazikulu kwambiri pa ntchito ya K. Korovin.

Kusokoneza maganizo masiku ano

Tsopano malangizo awa mu luso adalandira moyo watsopano. M'machitidwe awa, ojambula ambiri amalemba zithunzi zawo. Zamakono Zamakono Ali ku Russia (Andre Cohn), ku France (Laurent Parselle), ku America (Diana Leonard).

André Cohn ndi woimira wamkulu kwambiri wa maganizo atsopano. Zithunzi zake, zolembedwa mu mafuta, zimadabwa ndi kuphweka kwawo. Wojambula amawona zokongola muzinthu zowoneka. Mlengi amatanthauzira zinthu zambiri kupyolera mu ndondomeko yoyenda.

Madzi otchedwa Watercolor amagwira ntchito ndi Laurent Parselier amadziwa dziko lonse lapansi. Mndandanda wake wa ntchito "Dziko Lachilendo" unatulutsidwa ngati ma postcards. Zodabwitsa, zowala ndi zamakhalidwe, zimakhala zosangalatsa.

Komanso m'zaka za zana la 19, panthawiyi, mphamvu za ojambula zimakhalabe zojambula. Chifukwa chake, Impressionism idzakhala ndi moyo kosatha. Zithunzi za ojambula otchuka akadakali ochititsa chidwi, ochititsa chidwi komanso ochititsa chidwi.