Mbiri yachidule ya Rembrandt ndi ntchito yake. Ntchito yotchuka kwambiri ya Rembrandt

Mbiri yachidule ya Rembrandt ndi ntchito yake, yomwe ili mu ndemanga, idzakuwonetsani inu kwa mmodzi wa ojambula kwambiri a nthawi zonse. Rembrandt Harmen van Rijn (zaka za moyo - 1606-1669) - wojambula wotchuka wa Chidatchi, eterist ndi wosindikiza. Ntchito yake ili ndi chikhumbo chofuna kumvetsa cholinga cha moyo, komanso dziko lapansi la munthu. Rembrandt anali ndi chidwi ndi chuma cha zochitika za m'maganizo zomwe zimapezeka mwa anthu. Ntchito ya wojambulayi ndipamwamba pazaka za m'ma 1800 za Dutch. Ikuonanso kuti ndi imodzi mwa masamba ofunikira kwambiri a chikhalidwe cha dziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale anthu omwe sali ojambula amadziwa ntchito zake. Rembrandt ndi wojambula wodabwitsa amene moyo wake ndi ntchito zake zedi zimakukondani.

Chikhalidwe cha Rembrandt

Cholowa chosiyanasiyana, chomwe adasiyira ife. Rembrandt amajambula zithunzi, malo, akadali moyo, zojambulajambula. Anapanga zojambula pamabuku a mbiri yakale, malemba, mbiri, komanso ntchito zina. Rembrandt ndi mtsogoleri wosakanizika wolemba ndi kujambula.

Moyo ku Leiden

Moyo wa Rembrandt mu 1620 unali ndi maphunziro ochepa ku yunivesite ya Leiden. Kenaka adaganiza zopereka moyo wake wonse ku luso. Pofika pamapeto pake, anayamba kuphunzira ku Leiden ku J. van Svanenbürh (pafupifupi 1620-23), kenako ku Amsterdam P. Lastman (mu 1623). M'nthawi ya 1625 mpaka 1631, wojambulayo anagwira ntchito ku Leiden. Pano adalenga ntchito zake zoyamba Rembrandt.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti ntchito zake zokhudzana ndi nthawi ya Leiden zimadziwika ndi kufunafuna ufulu wodzilamulira wolemba, ngakhale kuti zikuwoneka kuti zikuthandizira Lastman, komanso omwe akuyimira chisokonezo cha Dutch. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito "Kubweretsa Kachisi", yomwe inapangidwa pozungulira 1628-29, ingatchulidwe. Mu "Mtumwi Paulo" (pafupifupi zaka 1629-30), komanso "Simeon M'kachisi" (1631), wojambula woyamba adayamba ku chiaroscuro monga njira yowonjezera kumvetsetsa ndi kuwonetsa zakuzimu kwa mafano. Pa nthawi yomweyo Rembrandt anagwira ntchito mwakhama pachithunzichi. Iye ankaphunzira nkhope ya nkhope.

Zaka 1630 mu moyo wa Rembrandt

Chochitika chofunika m'moyo wa mbuyeyo chinachitika mu 1632. Kusamukira ku Amsterdam kunayambira mbiri ya Rembrandt ya ojambula. Mbiri yake, yokhudza nthawi ino, ili motere.

Ku Amsterdam, wojambula amasangalatsidwa ndi ife posachedwa. Wosankhidwa wake anali Saskia van Eilenburgh, wolemera patrician (chithunzichi chaperekedwa pamwambapa). Mkazi uyu anali amasiye. Bambo ake anali membala wa Council of Friesland, meya wa Leeverden. Abale awiri a Saskia anali milandu. Pakati pa achibale a mkazi uyu ali akuluakulu a boma ambiri ndi asayansi. Anabweretsa chitsitsimutso mumzinda wokhala yekhayo wojambula. Rembrandt anapereka nyumba yake ndi zinthu zambiri zosawerengeka, chifukwa cha zomwe adakhala yosungirako zinthu zakale. Mphunzitsi anakhala nthawi yochuluka m'masitolo a junkies, pa malonda ndi malonda. Anagula zojambulajambula ndi zojambulajambula, zojambulajambula za ku India ndi China, zida zakale, ziboliboli, kristalo yamtengo wapatali ndi phalasitiki. Zinthu zonsezi zinapangidwa ngati maziko kwa zithunzi zomwe adazilenga. Anauzira ojambulawo. Rembrandt ankakonda kuvala mkazi wake mu velvet, brocade ndi silika. Anamugwedeza ndi ngale ndi diamondi. Moyo wake unali wodzala ndi chilengedwe, ntchito ndi chikondi. Kawirikawiri, zaka 1630 ndi nthawi ya chisangalalo cha banja komanso kupambana kwakukulu.

Zithunzi za m'ma 1630

Zithunzi zonse, kuyambira 1630, zikuwonetseratu zachinsinsi komanso zooneka bwino za Rembrandt. Izi zimamufikitsa pafupi ndi Kaiser, van der Helst, Rubens ndi Van Dyck. Zithunzizi nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa pamtundu wakuda. Kawirikawiri mawonekedwe a oval ndi ntchito zake. Rembrandt anapanga zithunzi zomwe zimadabwitsa ndi mphamvu zazikulu za pulasitiki. Zimatheka chifukwa cha kuphweka kwa chiaroscuro ndi chiyanjano chakuda ndi choyera, komanso kuyang'ana mwachindunji kwa chitsanzo. Ntchito zonse zodzaza ndi ulemu, kukopa chidwi ndi zokhazikika komanso zosangalatsa. M'zojambula za nyengo ya Amsterdam, poyerekeza ndi Leiden, mawonekedwe owala. Thupi la manja liri ndi tanthauzo lophiphiritsira (wojambula mwadala samasonyeza dzanja limodzi). Izi, komanso kutembenuzira mutu wa chiwerengerochi kukumbukira kusintha ndi kusakhalitsa kwa Baroque.

Zizindikiro za zithunzi zina za 1630

Pofotokoza moyo ndi ntchito ya Rembrandt ya nthawi ino, munthu sangathe kuthandiza kutembenukira ku zithunzi zomwe adalenga. Iwo ali ochuluka kwambiri. Ntchito ya Rembrandt "Phunziro la chikhalidwe cha Dr. Tulp" (chithunzi pamwambapa) linalengedwa mu 1632. Mmenemo, mlembiyo anachita upainiya njira yothetsera vuto la chiwonetsero cha gulu, chifukwa cha chiwerengerocho chinakhala chosasangalatsa. Rembrandt amagwirizanitsa anthu onse omwe amaimiridwa pa chithunzichi ndi chinthu chimodzi. Ntchito imeneyi inamupangitsa kutchuka.

Muzojambula zina, adalengedwa molingana ndi maulamuliro ambiri, ojambula mosamala zovala, nkhope, zodzikongoletsera. Chitsanzo chimodzi ndi ntchito "Chithunzi cha Burgographer", yolembedwa mu 1636 ndi Rembrandt Garmens van Rijn. Moyo ndi ntchito ya wojambula aliyense ali ofanana. Mwachitsanzo, zithunzi za anthu pafupi ndi Rembrandt, komanso zithunzi zake (chimodzi mwa izo, chokhazikitsidwa mu 1634, chikufotokozedwa pamwambapa) ndi zosiyana kwambiri ndi zolembedwa. Mwa iwo, wojambulayo sanawope kuyesera, kuyesetsa kusonyeza maganizo. Pano iwe uyeneranso kutchula chithunzi-chokha, chomwe chinalengedwa mu 1634, ndi "Smiling Saskia", yolembedwa mu 1633.

Chithunzi chodziwika bwino chotchedwa "Merry Society", kapena "Self-Portrait ndi Saskia" (chithunzi cha ntchitoyi chaperekedwa pamwambapa), chinatsiriza kufufuza nthawiyi. Linalembedwa cha m'ma 1635 ndi Rembrandt van Rijn. Moyo ndi ntchito za wojambulazo zimawululidwa mwachindunji mu ntchitoyi. Mmenemo, akutsutsana molimba mtima ndi miyala yomwe inalipo panthawiyo. Chojambulacho chimasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu waufulu wa kujambula, ndi moyo watsopano wa mawonekedwewo, komanso wodzala ndi kuwala, kwakukulu, kokongola.

Zolemba za m'Baibulo ndi masewero a nthano 1630

Mu 1630, wojambulayo adalenga ndi zolemba za m'Baibulo. Mmodzi mwa otchuka kwambiri ndi "Nsembe ya Abrahamu." Linayambira mu 1635. Zolemba za m'Baibulo za nthawi ino zikudziwika ndi chikoka cha ku Italy chojambula chojambula. Zotsatira zake zikuwonetsedwa mu mphamvu ya maonekedwe (mwinamwake kukakamizidwa), kuwala ndi mthunzi kusiyana, makulidwe a angles.

Mu ntchito ya Rembrandt ya nthawi ino malo apaderadera ndi zochitika zachinsinsi. Mwa iwo, wojambulayo sanatsatire miyambo ndi masitoni achikale, kuwaponyera iwo molimba mtima. Imodzi mwa ntchito zomwe zingatchulidwe pano ndi "Kugonjetsedwa kwa Ganymede" (1635).

"Danae"

Pogwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "Danae", malingaliro abwino a Rembrandt adakwaniritsidwa. Mu ntchitoyi, akuwoneka kuti akutsutsana ndi akatswiri akuluakulu a ku Renaissance. Chithunzi chosaoneka cha Danai, chojambula ndi Rembrandt, sichigwirizana ndi zikhalidwe zapachiyambi. Wojambulayo anachita ntchitoyi ndi zochitika zenizeni, molimbika kwambiri panthawiyo. Iye amasiyanitsa kukongola, kukongola kwa umunthu wa zithunzi zomwe zimapangidwa ndi ambuye achi Italiya, kukongola kwauzimu, komanso chikondi cha umunthu.

Ntchito zina

Komanso mu 1630, Rembrandt anapereka nthawi yochuluka yogwira ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito engraving ndi etching. Mungathe kuzindikira ntchito zake monga "Awiri Oyendayenda" ndi "Wogulitsa Mtundu Wopweteka." Wojambulayo analinso kujambula zojambula za pensulo, zomwe zimachitika mwachangu komanso molimba mtima.

Ntchito ya Rembrandt mu 1640

Zaka izi zikudziwika ndi kusagwirizana pakati pa ntchito za Rembrandt zatsopano ndi zofuna zochepa za anthu a m'nthaŵi yake. Nkhondo imeneyi idadziwonetseratu mu 1642. Ndiye ntchito ya "Night Watch" ya Rembrandt inachititsa chiwonetsero chowawa kuchokera kwa makasitomala. Iwo sanalandire lingaliro lalikulu la wojambulayo. Rembrandt, mmalo mwa chiwonetsero cha gulu lachizoloŵezi, anawonetsera maonekedwe okhwimitsa, omwe, pokhala tcheru, gulu la oponya miyendo linapitiliza. Izi ndizo, mungathe kunena, chithunzi cha mbiriyakale. Anadzutsa kukumbukira anthu a m'nthaŵi za nkhondo yowombola, yomwe inatsogolera anthu achi Dutch.

Pambuyo pa ntchitoyi, kulowera kwa malamulo a Rembrandt kunachepa. Moyo wake udakumbidwa ndi imfa ya Saskia. Mu 1640, ntchito ya ojambulayo inasowa mphamvu zake zakunja. Mndandanda wa majeure, khalidwe lake kwa iye kale, udathenso. Rembrandt amayamba kulemba mtundu wamtendere ndi zolemba za Baibulo, zodzaza ndi chibwenzi ndi kutentha. Mwa iwo amavumbulutsira zisonkhezero zowonongeka kwambiri, zakukhosi, zakugwirizana ndi uzimu. Pakati pa ntchitozi ndikofunikira kuzindikira "Banja Lopatulika" la 1645, komanso kujambula "David ndi Jonathan" (1642).

Monga momwe zilili, ndikujambula kwa Rembrandt, maseŵero ovuta kwambiri a kuwala ndi mthunzi amafunika kwambiri. Zimapanga mpweya wapadera - wokonda kwambiri, wokondweretsa. Tiyenera kukumbukira pepala lalikulu la Rembrandt "Christ Healing the Sick," komanso "Leaf mu zana gulden", lopangidwa pozungulira 1642-46. Muyeneranso kutchula malo a 1643 "Mitengo itatu", yodzaza ndi kuwala ndi mpweya.

Zaka 1650 kuntchito ya Rembrandt

Nthawiyi idali ndi mayesero a moyo wa manda omwe anagwera gawo la ojambula. Zinali zaka 1650 pamene nthawi yakukula kwake ikuyamba. Rembrandt ayamba kutembenukira ku chithunzichi nthawi zambiri. Iye akuwonetsa anthu omwe ali pafupi kwambiri naye. Zina mwa ntchitozi ndizoyenera kuzindikira zojambula zambiri za Hendrikya Stoffels, mkazi wachiwiri wa wojambula. Chodabwitsa kwambiri ndi "Chithunzi cha Mkazi Wakale" chomwe chinalengedwa mu 1654. Mu 1657, wojambulayo analemba wina mwa ntchito yake yotchuka - "Mwana Titus kwa kuwerenga."

Zithunzi za anthu wamba ndi achikulire

Zithunzi za anthu wamba, makamaka achikulire, zikukopa kwambiri wojambula. Iwo ali mu ntchito zake momwe akuwonetsera chuma chauzimu ndi nzeru zofunika. Mu 1654, Rembrandt adalenga "Chithunzi cha Mkazi Wopanga Mkazi", ndipo mu 1652-1654 - "Chithunzi cha munthu wachikulire wofiira" (chithunzi pamwambapa). Wojambula amayamba kukhala ndi chidwi ndi manja ndi nkhope, zomwe zimaunikiridwa ndi kuwala kofewa. Amaoneka kuti achotsedwa ku mdima. Zojambulazo zimakhala ndi maonekedwe oonekera. Izi zikuwonetsa kusuntha kovuta kwa malingaliro awo ndi malingaliro awo. Rembrandt amasinthasintha zikwapu zowonongeka komanso zapachasitiki, zomwe zimapangitsa pamwamba pa chithunzicho kukhala ndi chiaroscuro ndi mithunzi yokongola.

Mavuto ovuta

Mu 1656, wojambulayo adatchedwa ngongole ya insolvent, chifukwa chake chuma chake chonse chinagulitsidwa pansi pa nyundo. Rembrandt anakakamizidwa kusamukira kumalo ena achiyuda a mzinda wa Amsterdam. Kumeneko anakhala moyo wake wonse m'zinthu zovuta kwambiri.

Ntchito ya Rembrandt Harmens van Rijn mu 1660

Zolemba za m'Baibulo, zomwe zinalengedwa mu 1660, zikuwerengera zomwe Rembrandt ankaganiza pa tanthauzo la moyo. M'ntchito yake yamasiku ano muli zithunzi zomwe zinaperekedwera kutsutsana kwa kuyamba ndi mdima mumoyo wa munthu. Mndandanda wonse wa ntchito pa mutu uwu unapangidwa ndi Rembrandt Harmens van Rijn, yemwe ali ndi mbiri yake ndi mndandanda wa zojambula zomwe timakonde. Zina mwa ntchitozi ndizofunikira kuzindikira ntchito "Asuri, Aman ndi Estere", yomwe inalengedwa mu 1660; Ndiponso "Davide ndi Uriya", kapena "Kugwa kwa Hamani" (1665). Iwo amadziwika ndi njira yolembera, kusinthasintha kwaukhondo, mawonekedwe a pamwamba, masewera a kuwala ndi mthunzi. Zonsezi ndi zofunikira kuti wojambula amve zovuta zokhudzana ndi zakukhumudwa, ndikuwonetseratu kupambana kwa zabwino pa zoipa.

Chithunzi cha mbiri yakale cha Rembrandt, chotchedwa "The Julius Civilis Conspiracy," chomwe chimatchedwanso "Conspiracy of Batavs," chinakhazikitsidwa mu 1661. Zilimbikitsidwa ndi kulimba mtima ndi zovuta.

"Kubwerera kwa Mwana Wolowerera"

M'chaka chomaliza cha moyo wake, wojambulayo adayambitsa ntchito "Kubwerera kwa Mwana Wolowerera." Idayambira zaka 1668-69. Chinsalu chachikulu ichi ndicho chithunzi chachikulu cha Rembrandt. Amaphatikizapo mavuto onse abwino ndi okondweretsa, omwe amachitika nthawi yomwe amagwira ntchito. Wojambula amene ali ndi luso lapamwamba lojambula pachithunzichi ali ndi malingaliro aakulu aumunthu ndi ovuta. Maluso amatanthawuza, iye amatsitsa kuululidwa kwa kukongola kwa chikhululukiro, chifundo, kumvetsetsa. M'machitidwe okhwima ndi ochititsa chidwi, kumapeto kwa kusintha kuchokera ku zovuta za maganizo mpaka kuthetsa chilakolako chokwaniritsa zilakolako. Mu chithunzi pamwambapa, mukhoza kuona ntchito yatsopano ya Rembrandt.

Imfa ya Rembrandt, tanthauzo la ntchito yake

Wojambula wotchuka wotchedwa Dutch, ether ndi draftsman anamwalira ku Amsterdam pa Oktoba 4, 1669. Harmens van Rijn Rembrandt, omwe ntchito zawo zimadziwika ndi kukondedwa ndi ambiri, zinakhudza kwambiri kupititsa patsogolo kujambula. Izi zikuwoneka osati mwachidziwitso cha ophunzira ake, omwe Karel Fabricius adayandikira kumvetsetsa kwa Rembrandt pafupi ndi aliyense, komanso kuchokera ku ntchito ya ojambula onse achi Dutch, ochepa kwambiri. Zojambula za ambuye ambiri zimasonyeza mphamvu ya wojambula ngati Rembrandt van Rijn. Ntchito "Swamp", yomwe ndi Jacob van Ruisdal, ndiye imodzi mwa ntchito zoterezi. Amasonyeza mbali yosalekana ya nkhalango yokhala ndi madzi. Chithunzi ichi chiri ndi tanthauzo lophiphiritsira.

M'tsogolomu, Rembrandt wamkulu adakhudza kwambiri chitukuko cha luso labwino. Zithunzi ndi biography ya iye ndipo mpaka lero zimakhudzidwa ndi anthu ambiri. Izi zikusonyeza kuti ntchito yake ndi yamtengo wapatali kwambiri. Chodziwika bwino cha Rembrandt, kufotokoza zambiri mwa zomwe zafotokozedwa m'nkhani ino, chimalimbikitsabe ojambula.