Zitsanzo aromorphosis zomera ndi zinyama

Aromorphosis - ndi kusintha dziphunzitsiranso ya zinthu zimene zimachitika mu njira ya kusanduka wamoyo, n'zofunika ambiri ndi Cholinga patsogolo bungwe, amene kumawonjezera umoyo.

Onse aromorphoses phindu

Zikamera aromorphoses ndi yofunika kwambiri kulimbana kukhalapo. Zamoyo zimene kusintha zimenezi zikuchitika, kukhala chimagwirizana ndi mmene chilengedwe komanso akhoza adziwe malo. Mwachitsanzo Aromorphosis ndi aliyense chisinthiko, imbaenda ku maonekedwe atsopano, magulu pang'onopang'ono kwa zamoyo.

Mapangidwe aromorphoses ndi ndondomeko yaitali ndipo amagwirizana ndi masiyanidwe cholowa. Komanso, phindu zikamera wa katundu watsopano wa zamoyo ndi masoka kusankha, adzapulumuka pamene zambiri ndinazolowera zamoyo. Iwo ndi mphamvu zambiri zokhudza thupi kulimbana kwa moyo wawo ndi kupereka mbewu zambiri ndi katundu wofunika amene ankadutsa m'badwo wotsatira.

Tikhoza kunena kuti ndi yofunika aromorphosis morphophysiological ndondomeko. Zimadzetsa zamoyo zambiri zovuta kumvetsa zomwe sakhala amadalira zinthu zachilengedwe.

zomera Aromorphoses

kusintha Progressive lililonse kwa zomera. Iwo akufotokoza osati kusintha mbali morphological, kawirikawiri m'malo "aromorphosis" mawu amenewa agwiritsidwa ntchito mawu akuti "arogenez" kutanthauza "chiyambi".

Zikamera wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya algae amagwirizana ndi osakaniza osiyanasiyana katundu morphological ndi luso photosynthesize, koma nsalu kwenikweni iwo alibe, kotero amaonedwa chachikulu zamoyo za m'madzi (zamoyo zinachita kusintha mu dongosolo lawo palibe).

Ngati musankhe zitsanzo aromorphosis, zofunika kwambiri angatchedwe zosiyanasiyana za zimakhala, zomwe zinachititsa kuti zikamera wa lapadziko zomera apamwamba. The ambiri wosazindikira wa iwo - izo ndere, monga zosiyanasiyana maselo zapita bwino mu zomera, muzu akusowa, ndi mphukira yodziwika ndi dongosolo achikale.

The aromorphosis lotsatira zofunika anali gulu la thupi mbewu kuthawa, ndi mizu. M'tsogolo, zomera aliyense spore, monga Mumapezekanso, horsetails ndi club ndere, komabe palibe mbewu ndi sporophyte akukula wosabadwayo, ndilo pang'ono differen. Koma umuna akusowa madzi, ndi kumlingo zimasokoneza ambiri zomera spore.

Zitsanzo zomera aromorphosis

Ngati ife kulankhula za kusintha kwakukulu kapangidwe ndi kapangidwe ka zomera, tiyenera kukumbukira Gymnosperms dipatimenti, anthu amene zingapo aromorphoses:

• iwo ndi ovule, amene akufotokozera endosperm (wamkazi gametophyte);
• ndi mungu mbewu kuti zimere mungu chubu; mwamuna gametophyte anapanga; chifukwa umuna sayenera madzi;
• pa zomera ndi mbewu zomwe wapangidwa nyongolosi bwino kusiyanitsidwa ndi endosperm, ndilo gwero la zakudya za chitukuko cha mwana wosabadwayo lapansi.

Mbewu zomera a angiosperms wina. Iwo anatuluka mu nthawi Jurassic. Zitsanzo aromorphosis dipatimenti imeneyi zomera zotsatirazi:

• iwo nthawi zonse chatsekedwa carpel ovules (a pistil);
• Pali wapadera "nyambo" - timadzi tokoma ndi perianths kuti kupereka entomophily - kubereketsa zomera mwa tizilombo, amene amakhala ndi yolondola ndondomeko mwa mitundu yeniyeni ndi kulola kuli zomera osiyana;
• angiosperms yodziwika Ndisanaumbidwe sac ndi kapangidwe amene amalola Ndime ya umuna awiri.

Tikumbukenso kuti gulu la zomera zikuphatikizapo pafupifupi 250 mitundu ndi panjira patsogolo kwachilengedwenso. Choncho, angiosperms ndi awa akuimira zosiyanasiyana moyo (kuti mitengo, zitsamba, mipesa, udzu, m'madzi oimira), amene nthawi zonse zilibwino ndi kulemekeza dongosolo ndi ntchito za mbali payekha.

kusintha chisinthiko mu kapangidwe ka nyama

zamoyo Eukaryotic, amene yodziwika ndi mtundu heterotrophic mphamvu wafunsira bowa ndi nyama. The woyamba sanakwatire tating'ono zamoyo amene alibe minofu ndi. Mu nyengo Proterozoic kuoneka zolengedwa multicellular nyama zonse zopanda mafupa. Nyama ambiri wosazindikira anali awiri wosanjikiza Mwachitsanzo Coelenterates. Zitsanzo aromorphosis nyama ya gulu - wosanjikiza wapawiri ndi Ndisanaumbidwe thupi, chomwe ndi mapepala awiri - ndi ectoderm ndi endoderm.

Lotsatira lalikulu kusintha kwa dongosolo anali zikamera wa pakati nyongolosi wosanjikiza - wa mesoderm, amene chikwiyire minofu zosiyanasiyana ndi zikamera wa kachitidwe limba (athyathyathya ndipo ozungulira mphutsi). Aromorphosis zotsatirazi zikamera wa wonse - M'mimbamo sekondale, imene nyama thupi anayamba kugawidwa mu magawo.

Kukhala protostomes wosazindikira (mwachitsanzo, Annelida), amene kale anali parapodia (wosazindikira nthambi) ndi homonomous segmented thupi. Zitsanzo aromorphosis zimene zinachitika kenako, - kuoneka heteronomous thupi kugawanika ndi miyendo olumikizidwa (ndi Arthropoda). Pa chiyambi cha Devonian anatuluka akangaude dziko ndi tizilombo aona aromorphosis lalikulu - zikamera wa nembanemba embryonic.

Evolution deuterostome

Maonekedwe a zinthu izi notochord, chubu ubongo, ndi msempha m'mimba, ndiyeno mtima zinachititsa kuti pakhale mtundu watsopano - chordates. M'tsogolo, nsomba akufotokozera choipidwa ndi ofananira mafupa. Choncho, iwo asunga pamaso pa cranium ndi nsagwada a Chigaza lapansi.

Mu nsomba Bony komanso zapita angapo aromorphoses zofunika (kupuma m'mapapo mwanga anawonekera awa kumene) kuti wafunsira achule.

Komanso kukhala amniotes, amene anali nembanemba atatu embryonic. Oimira woyamba wa zokwawa awo zitsulo. Iwo yosadalira pa madzi, koma chifukwa cha kusowa kwa makope chatsekedwa sangathe kuwalamulira zonse thupi kutentha, zinachititsa mu ikutha misa pa mapeto a Mesozoic.

zitsanzo zina aromorphosis - maonekedwe wodzala ndi kugawa pakati pa ventricles mu mtima. N'zotheka kupatukana makope a, zikubweretsa maonekedwe a nyama magazi ofunda, amene kenako anapeza mphamvu kuwuluka. Choncho ananyamuka kalasi ya Birds.

Aromorphoses zomwe zinachititsa kuti zikamera wa nyama

Pa zokwawa nyama ngati potsirizira pake anakalamba forebrain Chigawo anayamba kotekisi, panali mtima zinayi chambered, anatenga kuchepetsa wa Chipilala kung'ambika. Komanso, nyama adanyamuka chifukwa maonekedwe a ossicles Makutu, malaya ndi mammary zosiyanasiyana mano alveoli lapansi. Chitsanzo chotsatirachi aromorphosis nyama - kuoneka nsengwa ndi kubadwa moyo.

Choncho, kudyetsa ng'ombe mkaka, vutoli chitukuko cha m'mapapo, mu ubongo, magazi dongosolo, komanso angapo aromorphoses ena - amachititsa kuwonjezeka lakuthwa mu mlingo ambiri a gulu la nyama ndi zikamera wa zamoyo apamwamba.

The aromorphosis kwambiri otsiriza angatchedwe kuwonjezeka mu ubongo wa makolo anthu (epimorphosis). Monga lero, Homo sapiens wakhala katswiri dziphunzitsiranso dziko malo amene chikwiyire maonekedwe a noosphere lapansi. Pankhaniyi, dziko organic walowa nyengo yatsopano - psihozoynuyu.

Kulonga n'cigwagwa, ayenera kuti aromorphoses lalikulu kuyambitsa kulanda za malo atsopano ndi zikamera wa zamoyo zatsopano ndi mbali yapadera kuti otsogolera mu mchitidwe wa chisinthiko.