Chilinganizo wamkulu alkenes. Katundu ndi mapangidwe a alkenes

The mankhwala zophweka kwambiri organic monga zimalimbikitsa ndi chimasanduka unsaturated. Zikuphatikizapo zinthu za Maphunziro alkanes, alkynes, alkenes.

Dongosolo la monga hydrogen ndi mpweya maatomu mu ndondomeko yeniyeni ndi kuchuluka. Iwo amapezeka chikhalidwe.

Khama la alkenes

Other dzina lawo - kapena chimasanduka olefins ethylene. Iwo wotchedwa gulu la mankhwala ntchito m'zaka za zana 18 pamene kutsegula madzi wochuluka - ethylene mankhwala enaake.

Ndi alkenes ndi zinthu wapangidwa ndi mpweya ndi wa hydrogen zinthu. Iwo ali chimasanduka acyclic. mamolekyulu awa alipo yekha awiri (unsaturated) chomangira kulumikiza awiri maatomu mpweya wina ndi mzake.

chilinganizo alkenes

Lililonse kalasi ya mankhwala ali ndi mankhwala akuti. zizindikiro ndi mfundo za kachitidwe nthawi anasonyeza kapangidwe ndi dongosolo mgwirizano uliwonse mankhwala.

Chilinganizo ambiri alkenes amaimira motere: C _N H _2n, kumene chiwerengero N ndi wamkulu kuposa kapena wolingana 2. Ngati chinawathandiza kumvetsa n'chakuti izo Tingaone kuti aliyense atomu mpweya ali ndi maatomu wa hydrogen awiri.

Maselo chilinganizo alkenes wa mndandanda magazi ankaimira ndi nyumba zotsatirazi: C ₂ H _4, C ₃ H _6, C ₄ H _8, C ₅ H _{10, 6} C H _{12, 7} C H ₁₄ C ₈ H _{16, 9} C H _18, C ₁₀ H _{wazaka 20.} Iwo Tingaone kuti aliyense hydrocarbon motsatizana muli mpweya kwambiri pa 2 ndi zambiri haidrojeni.

Pali mawonekedwe malo chizindikiro ndi dongosolo la mankhwala pakati pa maatomu mu molekyulu, chimene chikusonyeza structural chilinganizo cha alkenes. Mothandizidwa ndi valence akusonyeza mpweya ndi wa hydrogen.

Alkenes structural kachitidwe akhoza chaonetsedwera mu mawonekedwe kukodzedwa, pamene asonyeza, zonse zinthu mankhwala ndi kugwirizana. A mawu zambiri achidule sitingachisonyeze olefins mpweya pawiri ndi wa hydrogen mwa valence.

Chilinganizo chigoba tisonyezeni dongosolo losavuta. Wosweka mzere akuimira maziko a molekyulu imene maatomu mpweya amene timapemphera ndi nsonga zake ndi malekezero, ndi maulalo mfundo haidrojeni.

Kodi kupanga dzina la olefins

Zochokera mwadongosolo nomenclature, chilinganizo ndi mayina a alkenes ku alkanes zimapanga dongosolo zokhudza chimasanduka zimalimbikitsa. Kuti muchite izi dzina la suffix otsiriza kutanthauza m'malo mwa -ilen kapena -en. Chitsanzo ndi mapangidwe byuteni-butylene ndi pentene ku pentane.

Kusonyeza malo ake za kugwirizana awiri a maatomu mpweya anasonyeza mu mawerengero Arabic kumapeto a dzina.

Pa mtima maina a alkenes ndi chikhazikitso cha hydrocarbon ndi unyolo yaitali imene chomangira awiri alipo. Pa chiyambi analipo unyolo ndi ambiri anasankha mapeto umene uli pafupi ndi pawiri unsaturated, maatomu mpweya.

Ngati structural chilinganizo cha alkenes ali nthambi omwe akusonyeza ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira dzina ndi nambala, ndi kuwapatsa malo manambala lolingana mu unyolo mpweya. Otsatidwa ndi dzina la hydrocarbon lapansi. Pambuyo chiwerengero zambiri kuika hyphen.

Pali unsaturated kwakukulu offshoots. maina awo yaing'ono kapena popangidwa ndi malamulo a nomenclature mwadongosolo.

Mwachitsanzo, NSC = CH- anatchula ethenyl kapena vinilu.

isomers

Maselo chilinganizo alkenes mwina amasonyeza isomerism. Komabe, kwa gulu ili la zinthu, koma ethylene okhudza malo molekyulu chibadidwe kusintha.

Isomers ethylenic chimasanduka akhoza kukhala pa mpweya mafupa, a unsaturated interclass kulankhulana malo kapena okhudza malo.

Chilinganizo ambiri alkenes Mzimuyo kuchuluka kwa mpweya ndi wa hydrogen maatomu mu unyolo, koma zikusonyeza kukhalapo ndi malo ubale awiri m'menemo. Chitsanzo ndi cyclopropane monga mtanda kalasi Isomer C ₃ H ₆ (propylene). Other mitundu ya isomerism, amaoneka pa C ₄ H ₈ kapena butene.

Zina Zambiri unsaturated udindo kulankhulana akupezeka butene-1 kapena butene-2, m'nkhani yoyamba, kugwirizana awiri ndi pafupi woyamba mpweya atomu, ndi lachiwiri - pakati pa unyolo. Isomers mpweya mafupa tinganene kuti Mwachitsanzo methylpropene (CH ₃ -C (CH ₃₎ = CH ₂₎ ndipo isobutylene _((CH3) 2C = CH _2).

Okhudza malo kusintha chibadidwe butene-2 ndi CIS-trans malo. Mbali yoyamba magulu mbali ili pamwamba ndi pansi waukulu mpweya unyolo ndi chomangira awiri mu substituents chachiwiri isomer ali kumbali imodzi.

Kaperekedwe olefins

Chilinganizo wamkulu alkenes Mzimuyo thanzi la anthu onse a kalasi. Kuyambira kutsiriza ndi ethylene butylene (C ₂ C _4), zinthu zili mwa mawonekedwe gaseous. Choncho colorless ethene ali sweetish fungo, otsika solubility mu madzi, maselo kulemera poyerekeza mpweya.

Mu madzi mawonekedwe nthawiyo, chimasanduka magazi nthawi kuchokera C ₅ C _17. Kuyambira ndi alkene kukhala mu unyolo waukulu 18 mpweya maatomu, kusintha kwa boma thupi mu mawonekedwe olimba.

olefins onse Udindo solubility osauka TV amadzimadzi, koma wabwino mu chikhalidwe organic wa zosungunulira, monga benzene kapena mafuta agalimoto. kulemera maselo ndi zosakwana wa madzi. Kuwonjezeka amatsogolera mpweya unyolo ndi kuwonjezeka mu makhalidwe kutentha ndi kusungunuka ndipo kuwira mfundo za mankhwala awa.

katundu olefins

Kandalama chilinganizo alkenes limasonyeza kukhalapo kwa awiri chomangira mu mafupa ndi σ- wa π- kulumikiza awiri maatomu mpweya. nyumba imeneyi ya molekyulu ndi Mzimuyo mankhwala katundu wake. Kulankhulana π imatengedwa kukhala amphamvu kwambiri, zomwe zimathandiza kuti awononge ndi mapangidwe awiri latsopano nsinga-σ, amene analandira chifukwa cha kujowina awiri maatomu. Chimasanduka unsaturated ndi othandizira ndalama elekitironi. Iwo kutenga nawo mbali pa njira ya electrophilic mtundu kugwirizana.

Yofunika mankhwala chuma cha alkenes ndi halogenation ndondomeko ndi kutulutsidwa kwa mankhwala amenewa digalogenoproizvodnym zinthu. maatomu Halogen akhoza Ufumuyo pawiri ndi carbons awiri. Chitsanzo ndi bromination wa propylene kupanga 1,2-dibromopropane:

H ₂ C = CH-CH ₃ + br ₂ → BrCH ₂ -CHBr-CH _3.

Izi mitundu neutralization njira bromine madzi alkenes umboni wosonyeza Mkhalidwe cha kukhalapo kwa ubale awiri.

zosiyanasiyana zofunika olifinov anafotokoza hydrogenation ndi Kuwonjezera tinthu wa hydrogen pansi zochita za zitsulo chothandizira monga pulatinamu, palladium kapena faifi tambala. Izi zimachititsa chimasanduka ndi chomangira zimalimbikitsa. alkanes chilinganizo, alkenes apatsidwa pansipa mu hydrogenation wa butene:

CH ₃ -CH ₂ -CH = CH ₂ + H ₂ → CH ₃ ^Ni -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH _3.

The ndondomeko ya kujowina halide mamolekyulu otchedwa olefins
gidrogalogenirovaniem akudutsa ulamuliro, lotseguka Markovnikov. Chitsanzo ndi hydrobromination wa propylene kupanga 2-bromopropane. Kumakhudzana ndi haidrojeni-mpweya awiri akapolo, amene ankaona kwambiri hydrogenated:

CH ₃ -CH = CH ₂ + HBr → CH ₃ -BrCH-CH _3.

alkenes madzi Kuwonjezera anachita ndi zidulo amadziwika monga hydration. Chifukwa ndi molekyulu wa mowa 2-propanol :

CH ₃ -HC = CH ₂ + ₂ H O → CH ₃ -OHCH-CH _3.

Atadziŵa alkenes sulfuric asidi sulfonation ndondomeko akupezeka:

CH ₃ -HC = CH ₂ + HO-OSO-HA → CH ₃ -CH ₃ CH-OSO ₂ -OH.

Zimene atuluka ndi mapangidwe esters asidi, mwachitsanzo, izopropilsernoy acid.

Alkenes atengeke makutidwe ndi okosijeni pa kuyaka zawo pansi zochita za mpweya kupanga madzi ndi mpweya woipa:

2 Mbiri ₃ -HC = CH ₂ + 9O ₂ → 6CO ₂ + 6H ₂ O.

Zimene mankhwala olefinic ndi kuchepetsa permanganate potaziyamu mu njira zinagwira ndi glycols dongosolo kapena alcohols dihydric. Zimenezi amadziwikanso oxidising kuti apange ethylene glycol ndi oyeretsa njira:

3H ₂ C = CH ₂ + 4H ₂ O + 2KMnO ₄ → 3OHCH-CHOH + 2MnO ₂ + 2KOH.

Alkene molekyulu angatengere mbali pa polymerization ndi ufulu kwakukulu kapena cationic-anionic limagwirira. Mbali yoyamba, mchikakamizo cha peroxides analandira polyethylene mtundu polima.

Malinga limagwirira chachiwiri catalysts cationic ndi wothandizila acid ndi anionic ali organometallic polima ndi Kugawilidwa kwanthaka stereoselective.

alkanes Kodi

Iwo amatchedwa paraffins kapena chepetsani chimasanduka acyclic. Ali ndi liniya kapena kukonza nthambi, muli chabe nsinga umodzi zimalimbikitsa. mamembala onse a magazi mndandanda wa kalasi ndi ambiri chilinganizo C _N H _{2n + 2.}

Mu dongosolo lawo lili yekha carbon ndi wa hydrogen kumathamangira. Chilinganizo wamkulu wa alkene anapanga kalembedwe zimalimbikitsa chimasanduka.

Mayina a alkanes ndi makhalidwe awo

Nthumwi zosavuta kalasi ndi dziko. Otsatidwa ndi zinthu monga ethane, propane ndi byuteni. Chifukwa cha dzina lawo ndi muzu wa numeral mu Chigiriki ndi amene anawonjezera suffix kutanthauza. maina Alkanes zalembedwa mu IUPAC nomenclature.

Chilinganizo wamkulu alkenes, alkynes, alkanes zikuphatikizapo mitundu iwiri yokha maatomu. Zikuphatikizapo zinthu mpweya ndi wa hydrogen. Chiwerengero cha maatomu mpweya mu makalasi onse atatu machesi, kusiyana kotani kokha chiwerengero a haidrojini kuti akhoza lamamatira kapena agwirizane. Wa zimalimbikitsa chimasanduka analandira mankhwala unsaturated. Anthu a paraffins amene ali molekyulu ndi 2 haidrojeni atomu oposa olefin, amene akutsimikiza chilinganizo ambiri alkanes, alkenes. Kapangidwe Alkenes imatengedwa chifukwa kukhalapo kwa unsaturated awiri muzikondana.

Ngati ife tikufanizira chiwerengero cha hydrogen ndi mpweya maatomu mu alkane, ndi mtengo pazipita adzakhala poyerekeza ndi makalasi zina chimasanduka.

Popeza methane ndi mathero byuteni (C ₁ C _4), zinthu zili mwa mawonekedwe gaseous.

Mu madzi mawonekedwe, naperekanso chimasanduka magazi nthawi kuchokera C ₅ C _16. Popeza alkane kukhala mu unyolo waukulu 17 mpweya maatomu, kusintha kwa boma thupi mu mawonekedwe olimba.

Iwo yodziwika ndi isomerism ya mpweya mafupa ndi zosintha kuwala kwa molekyulu ndi.

The paraffins mpweya valences amaonedwa wotanganitsidwa carbons pafupi kapena wa hydrogen kupanga kugwirizana σ-mtundu. M'lingaliro mankhwala, zimayambitsa katundu nayo, nchifukwa chake alkanes amatchedwa malire kapena chimasanduka zimalimbikitsa akusowa kuyandikana.

Iwo amalowa mu zochita M'MALO zokhudzana halogenation ndi kwakukulu mtundu nitration sulfochlorination kapena molekyulu.

Paraffins kukumana ndondomeko makutidwe ndi okosijeni, kuyaka kapena kuwonongeka pa kutentha. Pansi accelerators kanthu zochita pogawanikana pamawere zimachitika atomu wa hydrogen kapena dehydrogenation wa alkanes.

alkynes Kodi

Iwo akutchedwanso chimasanduka acetylene; m'mene mpweya alipo mu unyolo patatu muzikondana. Kapangidwe ka alkyne anafotokozedwa ndi ambiri chilinganizo C _N H _{2 N-2.} Iwo Tingaone kuti mosiyana alkanes ku chimasanduka acetylenic sadziwa maatomu wa hydrogen anayi. Iwo m'malo chomangira patatu, popangidwa ndi kugwirizana awiri π-.

nyumba imeneyi ndiyo katundu mankhwala kalasi. The structural chilinganizo cha alkenes ndi alkynes atsimikiza unsaturation wa mamolekyulu ndi kukhalapo kwa awiri (H ₂ C꞊CH ₂₎ ndi patatu (HC≡CH) kugwirizana.

Dzina alkynes ndi makhalidwe awo

Nthumwi yosavuta acetylene kapena HC≡CH. Nawonso amatchedwa ethynyl. Iwo zichokela ku dzina la hydrocarbon zimalimbikitsa, amene anachotsa suffix kutanthauza ndi kuwonjezera Tizichita zimenezi. Mu maina a kuleza alkyne chithunzi amasonyeza malo mgwirizano patatu.

Kudziwa Kapangidwe ka hydrocarbon zimalimbikitsa ndi unsaturated, akhoza anatsimikiza pansi kalata amatanthauza chilinganizo wamkulu alkynes: a) CnH2n; a) CnH2n + 2; c) CnH2n-2; g) CnH2n-6. Yankho lolondola ndi njira lachitatu.

Kuyambira acetylene ndi mathero byuteni (C ₂ C _4), zinthu ndi gaseous m'chilengedwe.

Mu chimasanduka madzi mawonekedwe ndi magazi nthawi kuchokera C ₅ C _17. Kuyambira ndi alkyne kukhala mu unyolo waukulu 18 mpweya maatomu, kusintha kwa boma la thupi mtundu umodzi.

Iwo yodziwika ndi isomerism ya mpweya mafupa, pa Udindo wa mauthenga patatu ndi interclass kusintha molekyulu.

Ndi mankhwala makhalidwe ofanana acetylenic chimasanduka alkenes.

Ngati osachiritsika alkyne chomangira patatu, iwo ntchito kupanga asidi ntchito alkinidov salt, mwachitsanzo, NaC≡CNa. Kukhalapo kwa awiri π-nsinga zimapangitsa molekyulu wamphamvu nucleophile ndi sodium atsetiledina adalowa zosiyanasiyana M'MALO.

Acetylene ndi chlorinated pamaso pa mankhwala enaake mkuwa kupeza dichloroacetyl, condensation pansi zochita za kumasulidwa haloalkynyl mamolekyulu diacetylenic.

Alkynes nawo zochita electrophilic Komanso, mfundo zimene tikuphunzira pa halogenation gidrogalogenirovaniya, hydration ndi carbonylation. Komabe, njira ngati ofooka kuposa alkenes ndi chomangira awiri.

Pakuti chimasanduka acetylenic akhoza nucleophilic Kuwonjezera zimene mtundu mowa molekyulu, ndi amine yaikulu kapena sulfide.