African Mpumulo ndi mchere. Kupanga mpumulo wa Africa

Chirichonse chiri chabwino kumbukirani kuti Africa ndi South America yotentha pa dziko. Koma ochepa mukudziwa kuti Africa - komanso ndi "mkulu" wa mayiko, monga ali mlingo kwambiri mkulu wa msinkhu pafupifupi pamwamba pa nyanja. mpumulo African wakufayo kwambiri ndi zovuta: pali mapiri, zitunda zathyathyathya, madambo lalikulu, akuchita ndi kalekale zinatha mapiri.

Mpumulo wa dera lililonse amadziwika kuti yogwirizana kwambiri tectonic ndi miyala Kapangidwe ka gawo. Thandizo ku Africa ndi South America kupeza mchere ndi anafotokozanso kuti tectonics m'dzikoli. Tiyeni tikambirane mwatsatanetsatane nkhani imeneyi.

Plan pofotokoza thandizo ku Africa

mpumulo khalidwe kupereka kontinenti iliyonse pa ndondomeko yeniyeni. Relief African anafotokozedwa ndi aligorivimu zotsatirazi:

1. Khalidwe kumtunda tectonic dongosolo.
2. Analysis mbiri ya matanthwe a pansi padziko.
3. Zochita za mkati ndi kunja (exogenous ndipo amkati) yothandiza zinthu.
4. Kufotokozera za makhalidwe ambiri a mpumulo kontinenti a.
5. Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa msinkhu pazipita ndi osachepera.
6. Mchere ndi malo awo pa gawo la Chile.

Low ndi High Africa

Kufotokozera Africa chithandizo ayenera kuyamba ndi chakuti Africa, ndi mfundo orographic maganizo, lagawidwa pawiri: pa Africa mkulu ndi otsika.

Low Africa ndi oposa 60% ya malo okwana m'dzikoli (mwachirengedwe ndi kumpoto, kumadzulo ndi pakati Africa). Iwo chimakhala chogwidwa ndi kutalika mamita 1000. Mkulu Africa chimakwirira kum'mwera ndi kum'mawa m'madera a Africa, kumene pafupifupi kutalika mamita 1000-1500 pamwamba pa nyanja. Apa palinso chimbuzi - Phiri Kilimanjaro (mamita 5,895), Kenya ndi Rwenzori.

General maonekedwe a mpumulo African

Tsopano tiyeni tione zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa thandizo la Africa.

Mbali yaikulu ndiyakuti kumtunda mtunda pangotsala kwakukulukulu. m'mapiri m'mphepete mwa Chile yekha kum'mwera ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo. Mu Africa East, makamaka ndi lathyathyathya mtunda.

Africa chimakhala chogwidwa ndi mitundu ina ya chithandizo: zitunda zathyathyathya, zigwa, mapiri, zitunda zathyathyathya, pinnacles, buttes ndi mitandadza chiphala. Pankhaniyi ili m'dera la Chile ali omangidwa kwambiri mkati mwake zambiri limagwirizana pamwamba - zigwa ndi zitunda zathyathyathya, ndi pa m'mphepete - mapiri ndi m'mapiri. Mbali imeneyi amagwirizana ndi kapangidwe tectonic la Africa, zomwe lagona pa nsanja wakale Precambrian ndi m'mbali mwake anakonza lopinda m'deralo.

A dongosolo la achinyamata onse phiri Africa yekha Atlas. Kummawa m'dzikoli kuyambira pa 6000 makilomita yaitali yaikulu Great Rift Valley. Mu malo mavuto ake anapanga mapiri yaikulu, ndipo akubisala m'dzenje anapanga nyanja tatikulu.

Kuyenera kutchulidwa ndi njira yaikulu mpumulo wa Africa. Zikuphatikizapo Atlas, ndi Drakensberg ndi Cape Mountains, mapiri ku Aitiopiya, okwera Tibesti ndi Ahaggar, ndi African Plateau East.

Atlas mapiri

Mitundu phiri thandizo la Africa ndi, monga tanenera kale, chabe kum'mwera ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo m'dzikoli. An m'mapiri African ndi Atlas.

Atlas Mountains anayambitsa zaka 300 miliyoni zapitazo chifukwa cha kugunda kwa Eurasian ndi mbale African. Patapita nthawi, munaukitsidwa ndi kutalika ndithu chifukwa kayendedwe tectonic zimene zinachitika pa mapeto a Paleogene. Dziwani kuti zivomezi zimachitika m'dera lino ndipo tsopano.

Atlas wapangidwa makamaka a marl, miyala ndi miyala chiphala wakale. gawo wolemera zitsulo ores, komanso phosphorite ndi mafuta.

Ndi phiri lalikulu kwambiri mu Africa dongosolo monga ranges angapo phiri zayamba kufanana:

• Mkulu Atlas.
• Rif.
• Tel Atlas.
• Middle Atlas.
• Saharan Atlas.
• Anti-Atlas.

The okwana kutalika kwa mapiri - za 2,400 makilomita. The okwera apamwamba amapezeka m'dera la Morocco (Phiri Toubkal, mamita 4165). Avereji kutalika ranges zosiyanasiyana pakati pa mamita 2000-2500.

Drakensberg mapiri

dongosolo phiri kumwera kwa Africa la lili m'dera la mayiko atatu - Lesotho, South Africa ndi Swaziland. The chimbuzi wa Drakensberg Mountains - phiri Thabana Ntlenyana pa mamita 3482 mkulu. mapiri inakhazikitsidwa zaka miliyoni 360 zapitazo, m'nyengo Hercynian. Iwo ali ndi dzina choipitsitsa kwa chikuoneka kutali ndi chilombo.

gawo wolemera mchere: pulatinamu, golide, tini ndi malasha. Wapadera ndi organic dziko la Drakensberg mapiri, momwe muli mitundu yambiri kuderako. Mbali yaikulu ya phiri massif (Drakensberg Park) ndi UNESCO.

Drakensberg - malire okulira pa nyanja ya Indian Ocean beseni ndi malire kumtunda kwa Orange Mtsinje. Ali ndi mawonekedwe lapadera: nsonga zawo mosabisa, tabular olekanitsidwa ndi kukokoloka pa amalipiritsa.

okwera Aitiopiya

African Relief mochititsa osiyanasiyana. Pano mukhoza kupeza mapiri mkulu wa Alps mtundu, zitunda zathyathyathya mapiri, zigwa lalikulu ndi chibowo kwambiri. Mmodzi wa anthu otchuka mitundu ya mpumulo kumtunda ndi okwera Aitiopiya, mwa zomwe zili osati Ethiopia komanso 6 m'mayiko ena a mu Africa.

Ichi ndi chenicheni mapiri ndi kutalika pafupifupi makilomita 2-3 ndi chimbuzi pa mamita 4,550 (Phiri Ras Dashen). Chifukwa makhalidwe enieni mtunda zomwe zili limatchedwa "denga la Africa". Komanso, "denga" Nthawi zambiri agwedeza, udakalipo mkulu seismicity.

Okwera chinapangidwa zaka 75 miliyoni zapitazo. Amakhala schists crystalline ndi gneisses overlain ndi miyala chiphala kuchokera kumwamba. Ndithu kwabasi kumadzulo otsetsereka a mapiri ku Aitiopiya, olimbika maphompho wa Blue Nile.

Mkati Plateau pali wolemera miyala ya golide, sulfure, pulatinamu, mkuwa, ndi zitsulo. Komanso ndi malo ofunika ulimi. okwera Aitiopiya imatengedwa malo khofi, komanso ena mitundu ya tirigu.

kuphulika Kilimanjaro

kuphulika si chimbuzi cha kumtunda (mamita 5895), komanso mtundu wa chizindikiro lonse la Africa. phiri ili m'malire a mayiko awiri - Kenya ndi Tanzania. Ndi Swahili dzina la phiri limatanthauza "wowala phiri".

Kilimanjaro limatuluka pamwamba pa Masai yachonde mamita 900 kutalika, kotero zowoneka zikuoneka kuti phiri ndi unrealistically mkulu. Asayansi sagwirizana kuneneratu ntchito chiphala posachedwapa (ena kuposa mpweya kuthekera), ngakhale posachedwapa izo wapezeka kuti chiphalaphala mamita 400 kuchokera Kibo Chigwa.

Malinga ndi nthano wamba, phiri linaphulika za ziwiri zapitazo. Ngakhale kuti palibe zopelekedwa umboni wa zimenezi. The chimbuzi cha Kilimanjaro - Uhuru Peak - woyamba anapambana mu 1889, Hans Meyer. Today ankachita othamanga anagonjetsa Kilimanjaro. Mu 2010, Msipanishi Kilian Burgada atakhala mbiri dziko kukwera kwa pamwamba pa phiri maola 5 ndi mphindi 23.

Thandizo ku Africa ndi mchere

Africa - kontinenti ndi kuthekera yaikulu zachuma, amene amakhala ndi nkhokwe yaikulu mchere zosiyanasiyana. Komanso kwambiri kapena zochepa yosalala, pang'ono kuligaŵa mpumulo wa gawo limathandiza kuti chitukuko cha mafakitale ndi kumanga misewu ndi njira zina kulankhulana.

Africa ndi zinthu zambiri zachilengedwe, limene tingathe kukulitsa zitsulo ndi petrochemicals. Choncho, Africa amaona kuti dziko la ulamuliro Mtheradi wa nkhokwe ambiri a mankwala, titaniyamu miyala, chromite, ndi tantalum. Pa dera la Africa komanso ndi madipoziti yaikulu ya manganese, mkuwa, ureniamu miyala, bauxite golide, ngakhale diamondi. Kumtunda, ngakhale zimatulutsa otchedwa "lamba mkuwa" - lamba angathe mkulu mchere motsatizana kwa Katanga ku Republic of Congo (DRC). Kuwonjezera mkuwa kwenikweni komanso ncho golide, cobalt, tini ureniamu ndi mafuta.

Komanso, ndi pamaso pa chuma wolemera kwambiri mchere amaonedwa ndi anthu m'madera a Africa, monga Atlas Mountains, Africa North ndi Africa West (Guinea, mbali).

Kotero inu muli woyanjana ndi peculiarities wa mpumulo wa Africa yotentha ya Earth. Relief African ndi wapadera ndi osiyanasiyana, angapezeke kuno mu mtundu uliwonse - m'mapiri, zitunda zathyathyathya ndi zitunda zathyathyathya, mapiri, zitunda, ndi zigwa.