Caliphate Arab

Arab Caliphate anali wolamulidwa ndi Iyeyo Muslim boma, lomwe adanyamuka chifukwa cha adzagonjetsa Asilamu kutsogozedwa ndi Caliph mu zaka VII-IX. Izi phata pachiyambi analengedwa mu mawonekedwe a m'madera Mneneri Muhammad kumadzulo Arabia mu Hijaz m'zaka VII. Zotsatira za zipambano zambiri Muslim anali cholengedwa a boma ambiri a ku Arabiya, Iran ndi Iraq. Mu matabwa ake anali mbali yaikulu ya Caucasus ndi ku Central Asia. Komanso m'gulu dziko la Egypt, Africa North, Syria ndi Palesitina, chimakwirira mbali yaikulu ya Iberia ndi imodzi mwa zigawo zinayi Pakistan - Sindh dziko. Champhamvu anali boma la Arab Caliphate. Mbiri ya chilengedwe chake kumayambitsa mwachindunji zochita za pokhapokhapo (Amlowam'malo kapena akuluakulu).

Pa Arab Caliphate anadza ukuyanga chikhalidwe cha Chisilamu ndi sayansi, anali Golden Age of Islam. Idamangidwa zaka 632. Taganizirani choyamba lothandiza 4 khalifs kuti anali "kudutsa". Arab Caliphate m'gulu olamulira zotsatirazi: Abu Bakrn (ulamuliro wake umayambira 632 634), Umar (634-644 g), Uthman, amene analamulira zaka 12 (by 656), Ali (656 ya 661) ndipo anapitiriza ulamuliro wa Ummayah mafumu, omwe analipo 661 kwa zaka 750.

ufumu umenewu, anapanga pasanathe zaka 100, malinga ndi kukula kwake kuposa Roma. Atamwalira Muhammad anali preconditions kwa azingokhala ake ndi kugwa kwa bwino Islam, amene analandira kumuyamikila. Pambuyo pa imfa yake, pafupifupi lonse la Arabia ali unachoka chikhulupiriro ichi, kupatulapo anali Mecca, Medina ndi Taif.

Mneneri sanali kusiya wolowa ndi m'malo awiri nkhondo pakati pa Medintsev ndi Meccans. Caliph pambuyo pokambirana anakankhira Abu Bakrn, amene anali wokhoza kubwerera kwa Arab Caliphate ndi Islam ndi yodulidwa Arabia. Pambuyo yimitsira a kugalukira a Aluya, Muhammad Bakrn anapitiriza mfundo ndi kutsogolera nkhondo Iran ndi katundu Byzantine. Kumapeto kwa moyo wake, iye analamula Arabia, Babulo, Syria, Mesopotamia, kumadzulo Iran, Barco, Egypt ndi Tripoli.

Usman anapambana Cyprus, kum'mawa Iran, m'dera Carthage, yowonjezera Arab Caliphate. Chifukwa cha nkhondo zapachiŵeniŵeni a Aluya, chikanachitika mogwirizana ndi kupha a Uthman, anali inathetsedwa, m'madera ena malire.

Ali anaphedwa pa "zokhumba yachifumu" ndi Umayyads anayamba kulamulira. Pamene iwo mu boma lomwe lili ndi boma osankhidwa, molimba cholowa mafumu.

The kulanda pokhapokhapo woyamba anali bwino chifukwa cha kufooka kwa otsutsa, popeza palibe munthu ankatsutsa Aluya. Anthu wamba chifukwa cha chidani cha Agiriki zambiri yokha otchedwa ndipo anathandiza Aluya. Agiriki n'kusawalolanso kugonjetsa Asia Minor ndi Constantinople ndi Aluya anakumana chotupa.

M'mayiko anagonjetsa, amene kufalitsa Arab Caliphate, nkhani anafotokoza kalembedwe boma pamene Umar ngati zigawenga Church. Pamene Uthman analoledwa Arab m'mayiko omwe anagonjetsa kuti anakopeka ntchito landlords. chikhalidwe chachipembedzo anasintha mkubwela kwa Umayyads lapansi. Ya tchalitchi ndi kwa anthu achipembedzo, motsogoleredwa ndi mtsogoleri wauzimu, wasintha mu mphamvu yolembedwa ndi andale.

Kenako Abbasid mafumu chikondwerero monga wankhanza, wamagazi ndi limodzi ndi nkhanza yankhanza. Anthu umboni chinyengo ndi perfidy unaonekera surreptitiously, mu mawonekedwe a chokana ndi nzika osaweruzika. mafumu uyu anali yodziwika ndi misala, pamene inayambitsa kachitidwe ka wozunzikirapo. Ngakhale zili chomwechi, mabwalo kulamulira ankatengedwa andale ndi luso lomwe ndalama anali waluntha.

Culture wa caliphate Arab ndi chitukuko mu nthawi ino analimbikitsidwa kwambiri, chitukuko cha sayansi ndi mankhwala. Izi anali amathandizidwa ndi banja luso la viziers amene analamulira mpaka 803, ndi amene anagonjetsa Haaruna. Anthu a m'banja kwa zaka 50 ndi kaonedwe pakati Aluya ndi Aperisiya, amene analenga mphamvu zandale ndipo anabwezeretsa moyo Sasanian.

Pamene chikhalidwe Abbasids Caliphate Arabic anayamba kupanga zikomo ubale wamtendere ndi anansi ake, tsintho. Anapanga zinthu zapamwamba, nsalu Zaveleveti, zida, zodzikongoletsera zinthu, embroideries wachikopa ndi chinsalu, makalapeti, m'mbale pa mafupa. Iwo yafalikira zaka cha Mose, embossing, chosema, zadothi ndi galasi mankhwala. Persia kufooketsedwa ndi ndakatulo Arabic, zikamera wa historiography yake ndi sayansi Arabic philology. Mu zaka amenewo, unakhazikitsidwa Arabic galamala, panali kusonkhana mabuku.