Amene anatulukira Penicillin? History of chotulukira ndi katundu wa penicillin

Mazana a moyo apulumutsidwa m kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala mu yochizira matenda. Kupezeka penicillin sanavutike kupulumutsa anthu ku matenda mpaka chiyambi cha XX m'ma ankatengedwa osachiritsika.

Mankhwala a penicillin Kutulukira

Kwa zaka mankhwala walephera kupulumutsa moyo wa odwala. Choyamba yojambula anali anapeza mfundo za chikhalidwe za chiyambi cha matenda ambiri. Tikuyankhula zokhudza chakuti matenda ambiri uka chifukwa cha kuipa kwa tizilombo. Mwamsanga zokwanira, asayansi anazindikira kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kungawonongedwe mothandizidwa ndi tizilombo tina, kusonyeza "chidani" kwa nthumwi za matenda.

Mu njira zawo zachipatala, asayansi angapo mu XIX anazindikira ichi. Mmodzi mwa iwo anali Louis Pasteur, amene anapeza kuti zotsatira za mitundu ina ya tizilombo kumabweretsa imfa ya oyambitsa wa tizilombo ta matenda. Koma zimenezi sikunali kokwanira. Kunali kofunika kupeza zenizeni ogwira njira yothetsera mavuto. Onse zoyesayesa za madokotala kuti akonze mankhwala chilengedwe kwalephera. Ndipo chabe ngozi koyera ndi waluso hunch anathandiza Aleksandru Flemingu, kuti wasayansi amene anatulukira Penicillin.

Zothandiza zimatha nkhungu

N'zovuta kukhulupirira kuti nkhungu ambiri ali antibacterial. Koma izo nzoona. Si enaake imvi mankhwala, bowa tosaoneka. Vutolo limachitika kwa mazira ngakhale ang'onoang'ono, amene mu mlengalenga. Mu zikhalidwe za kufalitsidwa osauka mpweya, ndi zinthu zina za nkhungu anapanga. Penicillin sinali lotseguka, koma m'zaka za m'ma XI, ntchito Avicenna ali otchula zochizira matenda purulent mothandizidwa ndi nkhungu.

Mkangano asayansi awiri

Mu 60 ntchentche za XIX m'ma madokotala Russian Aleksey Polotebnov ndi Vyacheslav Manassein kwambiri kukangana. Phunziro awiri anali nkhungu. Polotebnov ankakhulupirira kuti ndi kholo la majeremusi onse. Manassein analimbikira pa mfundo ina ya view, ndi kutsimikizira wosalakwa unachitika mndandanda wa zofufuza.

Iye akhayang'ana kukula kwa spores nkhungu, wofesedwa pa nthaka yachonde. Chifukwa, V. Manassein anaona chitukuko mabakiteriya sizinkachitika ndendende m'munda kukula nkhungu. maganizo ake akhala tsopano anatsimikizira ndi kuyesera: nkhungu kwenikweni kumabwezera mmbuyo kukula kwa tizilombo tina. Goliyati anavomereza zolakwa za Satana ananena. Komanso, Polotebnov adayamba kwambiri kuphunzira antibacterial a nkhungu. Pali umboni kuti iye ankachita nawo bwinobwino mankhwala a bwino kuchiritsa zilonda pakhungu. Polotebnov zoyenera machaputala angapo a ntchito ya sayansi pofotokoza katundu wa nkhungu. Palinso ndi wasayansi akulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu izi mankhwala, makamaka zochizira matenda khungu. Koma mfundo imeneyi si ouziridwa ndi madokotala ena ndipo wakhala mokondera aiwala.

Amene anatulukira Penicillin

mtengo uwu wa sayansi mankhwala Aleksandru Flemingu. Iye anali pulofesa mu zasayansi za kuchipatala cha St. Mzinda wa London Mariya. Nkhani yaikulu ntchito ya sayansi - kukula ndi katundu wa staphylococci. Kupezeka penicillin anachita ngozi. Fleming chisamaliro chachikulu wotchuka, m'malo mwake. Tsiku lina, kusiya kompyuta osasamba mbale ndi zikhalidwe bakiteriya, masiku angapo kenako iye anati nkhungu chifukwa. chidwi wake chakuti mu mlengalenga padziko mabakiteriya nkhungu zawonongedwa.

Fleming anapereka dzina la thunthu anamasulidwa ndi nkhungu. Iye dzina ya penicillin. Pambuyo pogwira ambiri zatsopano, asayansi anakhutitsidwa kuti mankhwala akhoza kupha zosiyanasiyana tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

chaka chimene anatulukira Penicillin? Mu 1928, kuonerera Aleksandra Fleminga anapereka dziko ndi chozizwitsa mankhwala nthawi.

Kupanga ndi Phunziro pankhaniyi

Fleming sanathe kuphunzira penicillin, kotero mchitidwe woyamba wa mankhwala si chidwi kwambiri anapeza wake. Amene anatulukira Penicillin ngati mankhwala anali Govad Florey ndi Cheyn Ernst. Iwo, pamodzi ndi anzake olekanitsidwa penisilini, ndipo ofotokoza woyamba mankhwala dziko.

Mu 1944, panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya United States World, asayansi akwanitsa kuti Penicillin njira mafakitale. Chiyesedwe cha mankhwala watenga pang'ono nthawi. Pasanapite nthawi, Penicillin anayamba ntchito zachitetezo a adani kuchitira ovulala. Pamene nkhondoyo inatha, anthu wamba wa United States akhoza kugula chozizwitsa mankhwala.

Onse amene anatulukira penicillin (Fleming, Florey, unyolo) anakhala eni mu Prize Nobel mu Medicine.

Penicillin: mbiri ya anapeza mu Russia

Pamene Wamkulu kukonda dziko lako nkhondo anali kupitirirabe, I. V. Stalin wapanga ambiri ayesetsa kugula ziphatso kwa kupanga Penicillin mu Russia. Koma United States wachita ambiguously. Choyamba ndalama imodzi dzina lake, ndiyenera kunena, ndi zakuthambo. Koma patapita chawonjezeka kawiri, kufotokoza kuenjezera kuwerengetsera koyamba pachithunzichi. Chifukwa, zokambirana analephera.

Pa funso la amene anapanga Penicillin mu Russia, palibe yankho limodzi. Kupeza njira zopangira analogues mlandu wasayansi Zinaida Ermoleva. Iye anali kupeza chinthu, anadzatchedwa krustozinom. Koma katundu mankhwala zambiri wolephera penicillin, ndi luso yopanga anali amagwira kwambiri ndi yokwera mtengo.

Anaganiza akadali kugula chilolezo. The wogulitsa anali Ernst unyolo. Pambuyo kuti chitukuko cha luso ndi kukhazikitsa mu ulimi. Zimenezi zinachititsa Nikolai Kopylov. Industrial kupanga penicillin unakhazikitsidwa mofulumira. Pa izi Nikolay Kopylov anali kupereka wa Stalin Prize.

Mankhwala ambiri ndi Penicillin makamaka ndithu ndi wapadera katundu. Koma lero, anthu ambiri asayansi kukhala oganizira kuti mabakiteriya ambiri ndi tizilombo ting'onoting'ono kukhala kukana kuti chilichonse achire.

Vutoli tsopano chofunika mosamala ndi njira zothetsera, monga ndithudi akhoza kubwera nthawi pamene ena mabakiteriya sadzakhalanso kuyankha zochita za mankhwala.