Matendawa ndi chiyani? Matendawa Ana: Zizindikiro ndi Chithandizo

anthu ambiri alibe yankho za matendawa zomwe. Koma pali anthu amene yekha kuona ndi matenda makamaka, amene kumaonekera kulephera kuti adziwe luso la kuwerenga. Matendawa ana kumaonekera zolakwa kulimbikira ndi matenda kapena ophedwa pochotsa mimba ntchito maganizo, amene amachititsa ndondomeko kuwerenga. Violation akhoza yotengedwa kapena kobadwa nako, anaona ana olumala ozindikira ndipo ana ndi nzeru sankaganiza. Kuti ndi matendawa, yake ndi zoyambitsa zake, zizindikiro, mitundu ndi njira Kupha adzatiuza nkhaniyi.

etiology

Kawirikawiri matenda ndi titadziwa, ndiko kuti, poyamba anapanga luso olakwika kuwerenga. Matendawa ana mu nkhani iyi ndi chifukwa zifukwa kwachilengedwenso. Mwana utero kumachitika ubongo choipa, mantha dongosolo entailing wakuta. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, mbali ya ubongo ndi udindo ntchito maganizo nawo mapangidwe aphunzire kuwerenga zowawa.

Loss kapena matenda poyamba molondola anapanga luso chifukwa cha mmene zinthu chikhalidwe ndi maganizo, monga kunyalanyaza maphunziro, kupanda kulankhula mawu hospitalism syndrome ndi zina zotero. Matendawa ana sukulu angathe ngati anayika pa iwo zofuna kwambiri pa kuwerenga ndi kulemba, kuphunzitsa mothamanga. Pankhaniyi, mwana pali mkhalidwe maladjustment maganizo. Molumikizana ndi zinthu chowawa chikhalidwe, limeneli zikamera matenda monga matendawa ndi dysgraphia. Ana, deta matenda zisakuyenda kunadetsa kubvumbuluka.

symptomatology

Zolakwa pamene kuwerenga - si mawonetseredwe onse a matenda a. Akatswiri tione vuto monzama kwambiri, amalankhula za zizindikiro matenda, zimene zimachizidwa limodzi ndi matendawa. Zizindikiro Mwachitsanzo, monga encephalasthenia, zamatsenga infantilism. Direct kuphwanya luso kuwerenga zikusonyezedwa zoyenda pang'onopang'ono wa ntchito mawu ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha zolakwa zosiyanasiyana. magulu angapo akhoza kusiyana pakati pawo:

• kuyanjana ndi m'malo makalata amene amaimira zikumveka phonetically ofanana;
• M'malo zimaonetsa ofanana makalata;
• permutation zosiyidwa / kuwonjezera syllables ndi makalata, i.e. kupotozedwa dongosolo phokoso-syllabic;
• mavuto ndi mawu kuwerenga kumvetsa, ziganizo, malemba, pakalibe kuyan'anila njira kuwerenga ;
• agrammatism, galasi kuwerenga.

Matenda ndiponso maganizo njira

Kumvetsa zimene matendawa, muyenera kuona njira zosiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri, matenda amapezeka ana ndi zokhudza zonse chapakati matenda mantha dongosolo (akakufunsani zinchito, m'dera, organic). ana amakhala tsankho kulephera ntchito apamwamba maganizo, ndi mavuto ndi wokhazikika ndi lamulo la kuyenda njira maganizo. Komanso, ana ndi mbali pathological a dera maganizo: kufooka mfundo wapakamwa ndi zomveka ndi chithunzi-ndi zithunzi, wabwinobwino anatengera wabwino zinthu tsiku ndi tsiku, pamodzi ndi maladjustment sukulu ndi zina zotero. ana ali osakwanira wapakamwa kukumbukira kuchepekedwa zithunzi ndi luso zithunzi.

Akatswiri ambiri amanena kuti matenda ndi osakwanira chitukuko cha chinenero ndi kuwerenga mavuto pakati zinthu anatchula mayanjano underdevelopment zvukobukvennyh, komanso kuphwanya decoding phonetic. Ana amavutika ndi kukhazikitsidwa makalata malamulo (kalata-phokoso) ndipo sangathe automate ndondomeko imeneyi. Chifukwa, iwo yafupika ntchito chidziwitso.

asanadziwe kuwerenga

Kusewera phokoso mawonekedwe a mawu, zochokera zithunzi lake likutipatsa - ichi ndi kuwerenga. Izi ndondomeko ya maganizo ndi thupi kapangidwe zosiyana kalatayo. Pamene ife kulemba, tanthauzo lofotokoza za anthu otchulidwa alifabeti, ndipo pamene ife tikuwerenga, ife kumvetsa tanthauzo mwa maganizo a makalatawo.

Mu ndondomeko ya kuwerenga mtsikana rechesluhovoy, rechezritelny, Kulankhula Analyzers. Kuwerenga, muyenera kusuntha maso anu, patsogolo (antipatsiya) ndi kubwerera (mgwirizano). Ngati ufulu kuyenda okha ndi lemba la diso, ndondomeko kuwerenga wathyoka, chifukwa amaonera mawu udzachitika mwachindunji pa nthawi ya fixation, ndiye pamene maso yoyima pa mzere. chiwerengero cha fixations zimadalira mmene mawu bwino, dongosolo lawo ndi zina zotero. N. Makalata akuchita mawu mfundo pakuyenerera. Pamene timawerenga, ndiye ife sakuzindikira makalata onse, koma lalikulu.

Gawo

Yachokera pa ntchito mlandu kuyan'anila pa kuwerenga, akhala allocated osiyanasiyana kudwala. Tiyeni tione aliyense wa iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

1. Kuwala matendawa

Zizindikiro za mtundu uwu kwagona kuti ana sangathe kudziwiratu kuona chithunzi zachiwerewere ndi kubala zithunzi, kotero kuti iwo kuvutika ndi kuphunzira makalata. Kids kusokoneza makalata ndi kufanana mawonekedwe, ndipo sangathe kusiyanitsa pakati pa makhalidwe awo kuwala. ana awa satha kaphatikizidwe zithunzi ndi kusanthula.

2. Phonemic matendawa

matenda amagwirizana ndi underdevelopment wa ntchito phonemic dongosolo, monga:

• Chosiyana - luso correlate ndi ma ina ya phonemes tanthauzo pamene kusintha limodzi kapena ndondomeko ya mayunitsi phoneme zokuzira amachititsa kusintha tanthauzo;
• sluhoproiznositelnyh zosiyanasiyana - luso kusiyanitsa phonemes articulatory ndi acoustically;
• phonemic kusanthula - luso kufalitsa mawu pa phonemes awo constituent.

Ana zambiri amavutika ndi sluhoproiznositelnyh zosiyanasiyana ndi kusanthula phonemic. Mbali yoyamba, zikuoneka zosokoneza lamayimbidwe-articulatory phokoso zofanana, kuwerenga makalata, zilembo akudutsa pa confluence awo, permutation mawu ndi syllables. Ngati chachiwiri, ana amavutika ndi tanthawuzo:

• kukhalapo kapena kusapezeka kwa cholamitsa;
• kuwomba malo mu mawu (chiyambi, pakati, mapeto);
• Choyamba / otsiriza cholamitsa;
• mindandanda cholamitsa;
• chiwerengero cha phokoso;
• malo phokoso mu mawu ndi ulemu kwa ena (oyandikana) zikumveka.

3. Agrammaticheskaya matendawa

Kawirikawiri mtundu uwu kumachitika ana ndi ambiri lokhudza kulankhula. Iwo amayamba ndi underdevelopment wa generalizations syntactic ndi morphological a dongosolo kalembedwe kulankhula. Ana ndi matenda m'kati kuwerenga kusintha mathero mlandu ndi chiwerengero cha manauni, adjectives, ndi kugwirizana manauni cholakwika pa za jenda, case, chiwerengero, kusintha mapeto generic akuti, mitundu, mitundu ndi tenses.

4. zamalankhulidwe matendawa

Malangizo a matendawa amafuna njira ina pang'ono kuposa nthawi zina, chifukwa mtundu wa matenda yodziwika ndi mavuto ndi kumvetsetsa zili lenileni ndi tanthauzo la malemba, ngakhale mwaukadaulo wophunzira akuwerenga mawu molondola. Mitundu ya kuyan'anila:

• kuwerenga syllable ndi syllable, pamene mwana zonse akunena kwa syllables koma akhoza kuphatikiza iwo mu watanthauzo lonse, choncho singakwanitse kutenga mfundo pamene kuwerenga, kuti, pali zovuta zvukoslogovogo maphatikizidwe;
• kuwerenga mawu zonse, mwana sangathe bwino kudzapereka asapita syntactic mkati chilango, ndicho, mawu aliwonse iye samazidziwa osati molumikizana ndi mawu oyandikana ndi kudzipatula;
• kuphatikiza ya options awiri pamene kuwerenga syllables anatsatira chifukwa chosamvetsa tanthauzo la chifaniziro chachilengulengu ubale syntactic ziganizo.

5. mnesticheskimi matendawa

kuphwanya Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha mavuto ndi kukumbukira mawu, chifukwa cha zomwe mwanayo ali ndi bvuto ndi mapangidwe ubale pakati pa chithunzi zithunzi zilembo ndi katchulidwe. Sukulu sangathe kukumbukira kalata, m'malo iwo tikamawerenga ena, osokonezeka.

6. chogwirika matendawa

Matenda a mtundu ndi zina za anthu akhungu. Pamene kuwerenga anthu otero safuna ntchito zithunzi kuzindikira ndi sensorimotor system (kuwerenga chifukwa zomverera chogwirika). Komabe, kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti ana akhungu ndi matendawa mu njira zawo si wosiyana matenda kulankhula akuwuka kwa ana woona. Pamene matenda chogwirika, vuto lalikulu - kuphwanya kalata kuzindikira makalata akhungu (wasayansi French anabwera ndi wosasintha chogwirika anthu akhungu). ana akhungu pamaso pa matendawa kuŵerenga mawu kutaya, kusokoneza zilembo zambiri kumaliza mpaka mapeto a mawu ndi azinena izo. Pa kuphwanya chomwecho pamene kusuntha zala ana awa zizigwirizana kuyan'anila pa diso kayendedwe amapezeka ana woona akudwala matenda omwewa (iwo anati mwa maso a kasinthasintha wachisokonezo, kawirikawiri mgwirizano).

Matendawa: Chithandizo

Violation akhoza kukhala ndi vuto moyo, koma anthu ena amakwanitsa kuchita maluso zinchito kuwerenga. Koma ambiri vutoli chofunika kulemba mlingo konse anafika. Kuti bwino, m'pofunika kukonza bwinobwino lonse yophunzitsa ndondomeko. Ana ndi matenda kugwiritsa ntchito njira mwachindunji ndi zotsalira za chiphunzitso mawu kuzindikira ndi mapangidwe luso kupeza zigawo zikuluzikulu mu mawu. M'chiphunzitso mwachindunji ntchito yapadera luso phonetic, si katswiri pa kuwerenga. maphunziro sitipereka zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yapadera imene njira zina phonetic mukhoza kuwerenga

Kucotsa matendawa analengedwa mu njira zosiyanasiyana. Ndi kuchitira mwana aliyense ayenera kulandira chithandizo payekha. Choncho, munthu ankakonda kufikako nkhani yophunzitsa kuwerenga mawu yomweyo lonse ndi mawu, ndi wina njira bwino yosayenera kuti amagwiritsa kulowezana kwa kuphunzira kuwerenga pamene mwana woyamba kuphunzira kuzindikira mayunitsi kulira, kenako mawu ndi amapereka. Analimbikitsanso chithandizo chimene kanthu ikuchitika yomweyo losiyanasiyana ziwalo imalandira. Koma mankhwala a matenda kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala monga maphunziro optometric ndi monga, mogwira awo pano iwo zatsimikiziridwa.

pomaliza

Makolo ambiri amaopa kuti ana awo anapezeka ndi matendawa. Chifukwa anthu ena ambiri amaona izi kudwala matenda okhudza ubongo. Komabe, siziri choncho. Kids kukhala chisokonezo zambiri kuonetsa luso phenomenal m'minda ena, monga sayansi, masamu, music, kupenta. Nanga matendawa? Vuto ... kapena mphatso? Kulingalira mozama musanachite inu kuyankha.