Ancient nyani kwa munthu kusanduka

kufananiza ake anyani anaona, mwina ndi anthu wosazindikira. Koma, yopezera zambiri kutukuka fano la munthu kuyesera kuona chimpanzi kapena chiyendayekha monga mwa chikhalidwe chake, chifukwa iye anazindikira msanga wokha ngati korona wa chilengedwe Mlengi wamphamvuyonse. Pamene anali zamoyo zinachita kusintha, akuyembekezeka mu koyamba kugwirizana Kanyaniko chiyambi Homo sapiens, iwo anakumana ndi kusakhulupirira, ndi zedi. anyani akale opezeka chiyambi cha pedigree ena mbuye English, pozindikira mu nthabwala bwino. Lero, sayansi kupeza makolo mwachindunji mitundu athu kuti anakhala zaka 25 miliyoni zapitazo.

wamba kholo

Kunena kuti anthu anachita kusanduka kuchokera ku anyani, kuchokera amazionera a Anthropology zamakono - nzeru za munthu, chiyambi chake, akuti lidali. mitundu anthu kusanduka kuchokera pervolyudey (iwo akutchedwa hominids), chimene chiri ukasintha osiyana mitundu zamoyo m'malo nyani. Choyamba prachelovek - Australopithecus - anaonekera zaka 6.5 miliyoni zapitazo, ndipo wakale nyani yawamba wathu ndi amakono anyani kwambiri kholo - pafupifupi mamiliyoni 30 zapitazo.

Njira kuphunzira malasha amakhalabe - yekha zilipo umboni wa nyama wakale - kodi zonse zilibwino. Nyani wamkulu zambiri wachinsinsi ndi mpukutu wa nsagwada kapena dzino limodzi. Zimenezi zimabweretsa chakuti mu chiwembu cha kusanduka anthu pali mayunitsi latsopano kuti zonse chithunzithunzi chonse. Only m'zaka XXI, oposa khumi ndi zinthu otere m'madera osiyanasiyana pa dziko.

Gawo

Izi Anthropology zamakono zonse kusinthidwa, zomwe zimachititsa kusintha mu gulu la mtundu umene munthu ali. Izi imakhudzanso mayunitsi mwatsatanetsatane, dongosolo okwana amakhalabe sizisintha. Malinga ndi maganizo posachedwapa, munthu wa gulu la nyama, dongosolo la anyani, suborder anyani awa, hominid banja, munthu wakale, mtundu ndi subspecies wa sapiens Homo (Nomo sapiens).

Gawo wapafupi "abale" a munthu - nzika ya mtsutso zonse. mwina zikhoza kuwoneka ngati izi:

• Gulu la anyani:
  • Prosimians.
  • anyani awa:
    • Dolgopyatova.
    • Wa New World.
    • Old World:
      • Wamng'ono anyani.
      • hominids:
        • ponginae:
          • Anyani.
          • Borneysky Anyani.
          • Sumatran Anyani.
      • hominin:
        • anyani:
          • Western chiyendayekha.
          • Kum'mawa chiyendayekha.
        • chimpanzi:
          • Common chimpanzi.
          • Pygmy chimpanzi.
        • anthu;
          • Homo sapiens.

Chiyambi cha anyani ndi

Kuona nthawi yeniyeni ndi malo chiyambi cha anyani, komanso mitundu ina yambiri, pali monga fano pang'onopang'ono limapezeka pa Polaroids. M'madera osiyanasiyana dziko chakumene yothandizana chithunzithunzi chonse, choyenera bwino. Pa nthawi yomweyo anazindikira kuti zinthu si mzere wolunjika - ndi m'malo ofanana chitsamba komwe nthambi ambiri akufa malekezero. Choncho, mpaka yomanga osachepera gawo za njira Choonekera kuchokera kwa nyama wosazindikira kuti primatopodobnyh Nomo sapiens akadali kutali, koma pali mfundo zingapo pakuyenerera.

Purgatorius - yaing'ono, si wamkulu kuposa khoswe, nyama ankakhala mitengo, kudya tizilombo mu Upper Cretaceous ndi Paleogene nthawi (zaka miliyoni 100-60 zapitazo). Asayansi n'kuiika pamwamba pa mzere wa zamoyo wa anyani. Iye anapeza yekha zoyambira za zizindikiro (anatomical, khalidwe, etc.), Khalidwe la anyani kuti: ubongo ndi lalikulu, zala zisanu pa nthambi m'munsi chonde ndi kusapezeka kwa kuswana nyengo, omnivorous, ndi ena.

Yambani hominids

Ancient nkhwere, anthropoid makolo, anasiya kuda ku Oligocene mochedwa (zaka miliyoni 33-23 zapitazo). Iwo nachobe mbali anatomical wa anyani Old World akudzutsa Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe pa mlingo m'munsi: lalifupi khutu ngalande, linali kunja, mu mitundu ina - kukhalapo kwa mchira, pakalibe kufanana specialization nthambi ndi zina dongosolo mafupa mu woimbayo ndi mapazi.

Mwa nyama awa malasha mwa akale ankaona prokonsulidy. Features ya kapangidwe ka mano, kuipa ndi miyeso ya chigaza ndi wachibale kuchuluka kwa madera ena a dipatimenti ake ubongo kulola asayansi-paleoanthropologists prokonsulidov zimachitika yotha lapansi. Umenewu anyani malasha ndi proconsuls, kalepiteki, geliopiteki, nyanzapiteki ndi ena. Maina amenewa apangidwa makamaka maina a mayunitsi Hrs, pafupi amene malasha zidutswa anapezeka.

Rukvapitek

Ambiri anapeza mafupa wakale kwambiri paleoanthropologists kuchita pa Africa. Mu February 2013, anauzidwa asayansi paleoprimatologov ku US, Australia ndi Tanzania pa zotsatira za zofukulidwa mu Rukwa chigwa kum'mwera chakumadzulo Tanzania. Iwo anapeza mpukutu wa nsagwada m'munsi mano anayi - zotsalira za zolengedwa pali kuti anakhala zaka miliyoni 25,2 zapitazo - kuti unali m'badwo wa thanthwe pomwe mabukuwo anatulukira.

Pa mfundo za dongosolo la nsagwada ndi mano anapezeka kuti mwini ndiwe wa wosazindikira anyani anthropoid wa prokonsulidov banja. Rukvapitek - kotero kholo la hominids wakhala dzina lake, wamkulu malasha anyani, chifukwa iye zaka 3 miliyoni wamkulu kuposa wina aliyense anapeza mpaka 2013 paleoprimatov. Pali maganizo ena, koma n'zokhudza chakuti asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira prokonsulidov okhalapo kwambiri wosazindikira kuthandauza anthropoid kwawo. Koma funso gulu, mmodzi wa maganizo kwambiri sayansi.

driopithecus

Masiku a m'dambo Geological Miocene (zaka miliyoni 12-8 zapitazo) mu Africa East, Europe ndi China apezeka zotsalira za nyama zimene asayansi paleoanthropologists anatumizidwa udindo wa zamoyo zinachita nthambi ya prokonsulidov kuti hominids izi. Driopithecus (Greek "Drios." - mtengo) - otchedwa wakale nyani amene anadzakhala kholo limodzi la anyani, anyani ndi anthu. Kapezekedwe ndi chibwenzi amatithandiza kudziwa kuti anyaniwa kuwoneka mofanafana kwambiri anyani ano anapangidwa anthu ambirimbiri, woyamba mu Africa ndipo kenako kufalikira ku Ulaya ndi ku Europe ndi ku Asia.

Ponso 60 cm, nyama akuyesetsa kusuntha nthambi m'munsi, koma makamaka moyo pa mitengo ndipo anali yaitali "manja". Ancient driopithecus nyani kudya zipatso ndi zipatso, motere kwa kapangidwe ka molars amene anali wakuda kwambiri enamel wosanjikiza. Tikhoza kuona driopithecus ubwenzi zoonekeratu ndi munthu, ndi kukhalapo kwa bwino anayamba canine mano zimawachititsa mwapadera hominid kholo la ena - anyani ndi anyani.

Gigantopithecus

Mu 1936, angapo mano zachilendo nyani mwangozi lidapezeka m'manja a zokwiriridwa, zingaoneke humanlike. Achita chifukwa pakutchulidwa Mabaibulo a katundu wawo adalipo kuchokera nthambi osadziwika wa makolo zinachokera munthu. Chifukwa chachikulu kwa zikamera wa mfundo zoterezi anali kukula Poti mano - anali kawiri monga ambiri mano chiyendayekha. Akatswiri amanena zinaoneka eni anali kukula kuposa mamita 3!

lonse nsagwada ndi mano zofanana ndipo wakale nyani zimphona wa kukhumbira macabre kukhala sayansi wakhala anapeza mu zaka 20. Patapita chibwenzi yeniyeni zambiri amapeza pa, zinadziwika kuti anyani yaikulu analiko nthawi yomweyo monga Pithecanthropus (mu Greek "pitekos." - nyani) - nkhwere, ndiye pafupifupi 1 miliyoni zapitazo. Anthu ena amanena kuti iwo - mwachindunji makolo angathandizire bwanji mofulumira wa wamkulu wa onse alipo mu dziko la anyani.

zimphona zamiyendo Inayi

Analysis za chilengedwe zimene makombo a mafupa chimphona anapezeka ndi phunziro yokha nsagwada ndi mano anaulula kuti chakudya chachikulu Gigantopithecus anatumikira nsungwi zomera zina. Koma pakhala milandu wapezeka mu mphanga, komwe anapeza mafupa a anyani, mizukwa, nyanga ndi ziboda, amene kunapangitsa kuti amawaona kuti omnivores. Ali kumeneko, ndi zipangizo chimphona mwala.

Iwo anatsatira kwanzeru: Gigantopithecus - wakale nyani kukula mamita mpaka 4 ndi wolemera pafupi matani theka - nthambi ina ya hominization zosachitika. Anapeza kuti nthawi ikutha awo chinachitikira ndi kutha kwa zimphona ena yotha - australopithecines African. Possible chifukwa - zochitika nyengo kuti akhala oopsa kwa hominids lalikulu.

Malinga ndi mfundo za otchedwa cryptozoologists (Greek: ". Kryptos" - chinsinsi, zobisika), anthu ena Gigantopithecus anapulumuka nthawi yathu, ndipo muli zovuta m'madera a anthu dziko lapansi, kuti pakhale nthano za "yeti", Yeti, Bigfoot, almasty ndi zina zotero.

White mawanga mu yonena za Homo sapiens

Ngakhale patsogolo paleoanthropology, mu unyolo zamoyo zinachita, kumene malo oyamba ali wotanganidwa ndi anyani akale, kumene kunali munthu, pali zolephera chosatha kwa zaka miliyoni. Iwo anafotokoza pakalibe maulalo ndi sayansi - chibadwa, microbiological, anatomical, etc. -. Tsimikizani ubwenzi ndi mitundu yapita ndi wotsatira wa hominids.

Palibe kukaika kuti pang'onopang'ono izi mawanga woyera m'mbiri ya chiyambi cha munthu sadzaoneka, ndiponso kumva za zakuthambo kapena Mulungu chiyambi cha dziko lotukuka, amene nthawi analengeza pa njira zosangalatsa kanthu kochita ndi sayansi yeniyeni.