Njira electrolyte

electrolyte njira ndi zakumwa wapadera amene ali pang'ono kapena kwathunthu mu mawonekedwe a particles mlandu (ayoni). The kwambiri ndondomeko komanso yogawanika mamolekyulu pa zoipa (anions) ndipo ndithu mlandu (cations) particles otchedwa electrolytic dissociation. Dissociation mu njira zimatheka chifukwa cha luso la ayoni kuti mucheze ndi mamolekyulu wa madzi kumalo ozizira omwe amachita ngati zosungunulira ndi.

ndi electrolytes Kodi

njira Electrolyte anawagawa amadzimadzi ndi sanali amadzimadzi. Madzi kuphunzira bwino ndipo zinali ponseponse kwambiri. Iwo ali pafupifupi chamoyo chilichonse wamoyo ndipo amagwira ntchito mwachangu njira zambiri zofunika kwachilengedwenso. electrolytes Non-amadzimadzi kufunsira njira electrochemical ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana mankhwala. ntchito zabweretsa Kutulukira magwero latsopano mankhwala mphamvu. Iwo mbali yofunika maselo photoelectrochemical, kaphatikizidwe organic, electrolytic capacitors.

njira Electrolyte, malingana ndi digiri ya dissociation akhoza kugawidwa mu amphamvu, sing'anga ndi ofooka. dissociation digiri (α) - ndi chiŵerengero cha mamolekyulu osweka particles ndi mlandu kwa chiwerengero cha mamolekyulu. Mu electrolytes amphamvu Alpha mtengo pafupi 1, pa α≈0,3 pakati, ndi α ofooka <0,1.

Ndi zambiri electrolytes amphamvu monga salt, angapo zidulo ena - HCl, HBr, Moni, HNO _3, H _{2 4,} HClO _4, hydroxides wa barium, strontium, calcium ndi zitsulo soda. Other m'munsi acid - electrolyte sing'anga kapena mphamvu ofooka.

Katundu njira electrolyte

njira Education nthawi zambiri limodzi ndi zotsatira matenthedwe ndi kusintha mphamvu ya mawu. Njira Kutha kwa electrolyte mu madzimadzi chikuchitika mu magawo atatu:

1. Chiwonongeko cha kumangidwa mankhwala ndi intermolecular kusungunuka electrolyte amafuna ndalama ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu choncho kutentha mayamwidwe amapezeka _(pang'ono? H> 0).
2. Mu stepi ino, ndi zosungunulira amayamba kucheza ndi ayoni electrolyte, chifukwa mu mapangidwe solvates (mu amadzimadzi yothetsera - hydrates). Zimenezi amadziwika ndi exothermic solvation, i.e. exotherm amapezeka (Δ H _hydr <0).
3. Gawo lotsiriza - mayamwidwe. Izi yunifolomu kufalitsidwa kwa hydrates (solvates) mu njira zambiri. Zimenezi zimafuna ndalama mphamvu choncho njira ndi utakhazikika _{(masiyanidwe?} H> 0).

Choncho, chiwerengero zotsatira matenthedwe Kutha kwa electrolyte akhoza kulembedwa mu mawonekedwe zotsatirazi:

_Sol? H =? H +? H _{lililonse masiyanidwe hayidiroliki?} H +

Kuyambira, kodi zigawo zikuluzikulu za zotsatira mphamvu zimadalira chizindikiro chomaliza cha kutentha okwana yanyumba mmene electrolyte. Kawirikawiri ndondomeko izi endothermic.

Katundu wa njira zimatengera makamaka chikhalidwe zigawo zake constituent. Komanso, katundu wa electrolyte njira zikuchokera zimakhudza, kuthamanga ndi kutentha.

Malinga ndi zomwe zili zonse za njira solute electrolyte akhoza kugawidwa mu kuchepetsa kwambiri (imene yekha lili "kuda" electrolyte), kuchepetsa (munali pang'ono solute) ndipo ankaganiza (ndi okhutira kwambiri electrolyte).

zochita mankhwala njira electrolyte, amene amayamba chifukwa cha kupita kwa magetsi kumabweretsa kudzipatula zipangizo zina chifukwa maelekitirodi lapansi. zodabwitsazi amatchedwa electrolysis ndipo kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito makampani ano. Makamaka, chifukwa electrolysis analandira zotayidwa, wa hydrogen, chlorine, hydroxide sodium, hydrogen peroxide, ndipo ambiri zinthu zina zofunika.