Rock-kupanga mchere wa igneous, nyanja ndi miyala metamorphic

Ambiri mwa mchere thanthwe kupanga ndi imodzi mwa mfundo yaikulu ya matanthwe a Dziko Lapansi - Thanthwe. Ambiri khwatsi, Mica, feldspar, amphibole, olivine, pyroxene ndi ena. Meteorites ndi miyala mwezi, nayenso, ndi wawo. Aliyense thanthwe kupanga mchere limabweretsa kalasi ina - kuti waukulu, umene uli maperesenti oposa khumi, sekondale - peresenti khumi, chowonjezera - zosakwana gawo limodzi. Chinthu chachikulu kuli zofunika, ndi silicates, kuwaza, oxides, chlorides kapena sulfates.

kusiyana

Rock-kupanga mchere mwina kuwala (leucocratic, Salic), monga khwatsi, feldspathoids, feldspars, ndi zina zotero, ndi mtundu mdima (melanocratic, mafic) monga olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite, ndi ena. Iwo kusiyana ndi zikuchokera. Rock-kupanga mchere ndi silika, carbonate kapena halogen miyala. Paragenesis - osakaniza osiyanasiyana, liwulo dzina, otchedwa kadinala. Mwachitsanzo, pamodzi granites oligoclase, microcline ndi khwatsi.

A gulu la mchere thanthwe n'kupanga, omwe akutipatsa malo thanthwe petrographic taxonomy - matenda kapena symptomatic. Izi khwatsi feldspathoids ndi olivine. Komanso kusiyanitsa mchere chachikulu syngenetic kupanga mtundu wonse ndi sekondale zikuchitika pa kutembenuka kwa mtundu wa. Ankalemba waukulu thanthwe kupanga mchere zinthu mankhwala otchedwa petrogenic. Kodi O, N, F, S, C, cl, mg Fe, Na, Ca, Si, Al, K

katundu mchere

Kapangidwe Crystal ndi mipweya ofunitsitsa ndi katundu miyala ina yonse. Matenda ikuchitika ntchito zosiyanasiyana njira mawunikidwe - kusanthula kawalidwe, umagwirira, elekitironi wamamamayikirosikopu, X-ray mapindidwe akuwala. M'munda mchitidwe anatsimikiza mogwirizana (matenda) katundu wa mchere mwangwiro zowoneka ndi maso. Ambiri mwa iwo ndi thupi. Komabe, tanthauzo lenileni la mchere kumafuna lonse osiyanasiyana njira yodziwira. Ena katundu ndi mchere chosiyana kukhala chomwecho, pamene ena - ayi.

Izo zimatengera pamaso zosafunika makina, mipweya ndi mawonekedwe kusankha. Ndithu kawirikawiri katundu chachikulu ndi wafala, kuti n'zotheka kuti molondola oterewa mwala uliwonse phiri. Matenda katundu anawagawa m'magulu atatu. Kuwala ndi makina zimatha zikomo gulu lawo kulola mtima wa katundu aliyense mwala umodzi. Gulu lachitatu - zina, ndi katundu lipindulitsa pa matenda makamaka zina mchere.

Monomineral ndi polymineral zimasokoneza

Miyala miyala - masoka mchere accumulations ya misa, kuphimba nkhope ya Dziko Lapansi, kutenga mbali pomanga makungwa ake. Pano, monga zanenedwa, kumafuna chosiyana mu mipweya ya thunthu. Anthu miyala, amene zikuchokera - wosakwatiwa mchere wotchedwa monomineral, ndi zina wopangidwa mwa mitundu iwiri ya miyala ndi zina - multimineral. Mwachitsanzo, miyala - calcite kwathunthu chotero, iye monominerals. Koma lubwe - osiyanasiyana. Zikuphatikizapo onse khwatsi ndi Mica, ndi feldspar, ndi zina zambiri zosiyana.

Mono- ndi multimineral zimadalira zomwe njira za miyala zachitika m'deralo. Inu mukhoza kutenga mwala uliwonse phiri, ndi kutifotokozera dera enieni, ngakhale malo kumene anatengedwa. Iwo amafanana mzake, ndipo nthawi yomweyo ndi pafupifupi konse chimodzimodzi. Awa onse ndi miyala kuphunzira. Miyala zambiri onse amaoneka mofanana, koma katundu wawo mankhwala inakhazikitsidwa ndi njira zosiyana.

magwero

Malinga ndi mikhalidwe imene mapangidwe mapiri, kusiyanitsa nyanja, metamorphic ndi miyala igneous. Pakuti miyala igneous monga amene unakhazikitsidwa ku kuphulika kwa chiphalaphala. Red-hot, osungunula thanthwe, yozizira pansi, inasanduka thanthwe krustalo. ndondomeko izi zikuchitika masiku athu.

The osungunula chiphalaphala yaikulu chiwerengero cha mankhwala amene akukhudzidwa ndi kuthamanga ndi kutentha, ngakhale kuti ambiri mwa mankhwala ali mu mkhalidwe gaseous. Kuthamanga zimachititsa chiphalaphala pamwamba kapena pafupi ikugwirizanirana ndi kuyamba kuziziritsa. Kutentha kwambiri atayika, m'pamenenso misa crystallizes. Mzimuyo mlingo crystallization ndi kukula galasi. Pamwamba pa ndondomeko yozizira ndi kudya, mpweya wa asanduke nthunzi, mwala kotero chabwino-grained analandira, ndipo mwakuya anapanga timibulu lalikulu.

Effusive ndipo kwambiri crystalline miyala

Analimbikitsa chiphalaphala lagawidwa mu mbali ziwiri zikuluzikulu zimene dzina gulu. Ndi miyala magmatic anafotokoza effusive gulu, i.e. extrusive ndi intrusive gulu - kuya crystallization. Monga tanenera kale, utakhazikika chiphalaphala mapangidwe osiyana, ndipo Motero osiyana thanthwe kupanga mchere. Izlivshayasya volatilization mpweya apindula ndi ena mankhwala ndi zina amakhala osauka. timibulu Small analandira. Mu chiphalaphala kwambiri mankhwala mankhwala si chatsopano, kutentha atayika pang'onopang'ono, kotero makhiristo mu dongosolo ikuluikulu.

miyala Effusive ndi andesites ndi basalts, pafupifupi theka la iwo, n'kukhala Lipari onse miyala ena kutumphuka padziko lapansi ndi zonyozeka. Nato anapanga makamaka porphyry ndi lubwe, iwo nthawi makumi awiri kuposa ena onse. Pulayimale igneous miyala malingana zikuchokera khwatsi m'magulu asanu. miyala Tinthu monga kwambiri zosafunika, Pakati tisaiwale zosiyanasiyana micro- ndi ultramicroelements imene kutumphuka chivundikiro mitundu yonse ya zomera.

chiphalaphala

Chiphalaphala lili pafupi lonse nthawi tebulo chogwidwa Ti, Na, mg K, Fe, Ca, Si, Al, ndipo zosiyanasiyana zigawo zikuluzikulu oyaka - chloro, fluoro, wa hydrogen, sulfide hayidirojeni, kaboni ndi oxides ake ndi zina zotero, kuphatikiza madzi mu mawonekedwe a nthunzi. Pamene chiphalaphala ndi kusunthira mmwamba pamwamba, kwambiri amachepetsa chiwerengero cha mtsogolo. Pa yozizira mitundu chiphalaphala silicate - mchere iwo umaimira mankhwala osiyanasiyana silika. Silicates otchedwa zonsezi dongosolo mchere - mchere ndi asidi silicic. Aluminosilicates muli mchere aluminosilicate zidulo.

Basalt chiphalaphala chachikulu, ili yogawa linafalitsidwa kwambiri ndi theka imakhala silika, peresenti yotsalayo makumi asanu - ndi magnesium, chitsulo, calcium, zotayidwa (kwambiri), phosphorous, titaniyamu, potaziyamu, sodium (m'munsi). Basaltic chiphalaphala ogaŵikana oversaturated ndi silika - tholeiitic ndi olivine kulemera alkalis basalt. Granitic chiphalaphala - wowawasa, rhyolite, silika mu nazo kwambiri, peresenti makumi asanu, koma osalimba kwambiri viscous, kupatula agile ndipo kwambiri ladzala ndi mpweya wa. Mlingo uliwonse wa chiphalaphala nthawi zonse ikusintha atamwa mankhwala zako.

silicates

Izi kalasi kwambiri ambiri mchere zachilengedwe - oposa zana makumi asanu ya unyinji wa kutumphuka dziko lapansi, komanso magawo atatu a mchere onse odziwika. Ambiri a iwo - matanthwe kupanga ndi magmatic ndi metamorphic chiyambi. Silicates ndi lopangidwa ndi miyala nyanja, ndi ena a iwo akutumikira munthu ngale miyala kupeza zitsulo (chitsulo silicate, mwachitsanzo) ndi amapangidwa ngati miyala.

Iwo ndi dongosolo zovuta mankhwala zikuchokera. Kandalama gululi yodziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa magulu amaayoni tetravalent SiO ₄ - awiri tetraerd. Silicates ndi chilumba, mphete, unyolo, lamba, pepala (zigawo), nyama. udani umenewu amadalira mitundu pakachitsulo tetraerdov.

gulu la miyala

Modern taxonomy m'dera limeneli anayamba m'zaka za chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi ndi makumi awiri wabweza chitukuko chachikulu ngati sayansi ya petrography, petrology. Mu 1962 iye anali atalenga Petrographic Komiti ya USSR. Tsopano bungwe ili Moscow IGEM.

Mlingo wa zosinthidwa sekondale miyala chiphala zosiyanasiyana onse kaynotipnye - wamng'ono, sanasinthe, ndipo palaeotypal - akale, amene anali recrystallized ndi kupita kwa nthawi. Izi chiphala miyala, clastic, yomwe inakhazikitsidwa m'zaka kuphulika ndi zigwirizana piroklastitov (zidutswa). Gawo mankhwala zikutanthauza kugawikana m'magulu malinga ndi zomwe zili za silika. miyala Igneous mu zikuchokera akhoza kukhala ultrabasic, zoyambirira, sekondale, acid ndi kopitilira muyeso-acid.

Batholiths ndi m'matangadza

ioneka osasamba mphako khwimbi la miyala intrusive amatchedwa batholiths. M'dera la formations izi zikhoza amanenera masauzande ambiri makilomita lalikulu. Izi ndi chigawo chapakati cha mapiri apangidwe, kumene batholiths kuwonjezera dongosolo lonse phiri. Lopangidwa ndi coarse-grained lubwe ndi zophuka, njira ndi protrusions, anapanga kuchokera kumayambiriro kwa chiphalaphala granitic.

Ndodo ali ndi mtanda yachigawo mawonekedwe zozungulira kapena elliptical. Iwo ali ang'onoang'ono kukula batholith - zambiri pang'ono poyerekeza ndi makilomita lalikulu zana, nthawizina - mazana awiri, koma ena katundu ofanana. ndodo ambiri protrude kulemera kwa m'tchalitchi batholith ngati. Makoma awo steeply akusunsa, contours osasamba.

Laccoliths, etmolity, lopolith, dikes

Bowa kapena mzikiti woboola pakati mapangidwe anapanga ndi magmas viscous, wotchedwa laccoliths. Pali zambiri magulu. Iwo ali wamfupi - mpaka makilomita angapo awiri. Laccoliths mtundu, kukula pansi kuthamanga kwa chiphalaphala kukwezedwa popanda kuswa layering ya matanthwe a. The zofanana kwambiri ndi bowa. Etmolity mwake, nyuzi woboola pakati, woonda gawo pansi. Zikuoneka kutsegula yopapatiza anatumikira zokolola chiphalaphala.

Lopolith ndi kozungulira woboola thupi, oumbidwa pansi ndipo anakweza m'mbali. Nawonso, ankaoneka kukula kwa nthaka, popanda kusokoneza padziko lapansi, ndi ngati anatambasula izo. The miyala adzakhala posapita nthawi ming'alu kuoneka - zosiyana. Chiphalaphala akuona zofooka ndi kuthamanga akuyamba lembani mipata onse ndi ming'alu, nthawi yomweyo kungolandira thanthwe ozungulira mchikakamizo cha kutentha kwambiri. Choncho anapanga dikes. Ang'ono - patsidya pa theka mita kuti meters mazana angapo, koma ngakhale makilomita asanu si kuposa. Monga chiphalaphala akamazizira pansi mu ming'alu msanga dikes nthawi dongosolo labwino-grained. Ngati mapiri anawona yopapatiza zitunda - thanthwe - izi zikuoneka dikes, chifukwa ali zambiri kugonjetsedwa kukokoloka kuposa thanthwe ozungulira.