Anthu akale a ku Germany. Chipembedzo ndi moyo wa Ajeremani akale

Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, zifukwa zazikulu zokhudzana ndi momwe anthu akale a ku Germany ankakhalira ndi kugwira ntchito anali ntchito ya akatswiri a mbiri yakale achiroma ndi apolisi: Strabo, Pliny Wamkulu, Julius Caesar, Tacitus, komanso olemba ena a tchalitchi. Pamodzi ndi zowonjezereka, mabukuwa ndi zolembazo zili ndi zongopeka komanso zowonjezereka. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, olemba akale samalowerera ndale, mbiri ndi chikhalidwe cha mafuko akunja. Iwo ankakonda makamaka zomwe "zinali pamwamba", kapena zomwe zinapangitsa kuti zikhale zolimba kwambiri pa iwo. Inde, ntchito zonsezi zimapereka ndondomeko yabwino ya moyo wa mafuko a Germany kumapeto kwa nthawi. Komabe, panthawi yomwe akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakafukufuku anapeza , anapeza kuti olemba akale, kufotokozera zikhulupiriro ndi moyo wa anthu akale a ku Germany, anasowa zambiri. Zomwe, komabe, sizilepheretsa ku zoyenera zawo.

Chiyambi ndi kufalitsidwa kwa mafuko a Germany

Mitundu ya Chijeremani ndi Indo-European. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka chikwi choyamba BC. E. Chilankhulo cha Pragermanic chinali chosiyana ndi chilankhulo cha Pra-Indo-European, ndipo ma German ethnos anapangidwa mu 6th-1st BC BC. E., ngakhale osati kwathunthu. Mabheseni a Oder, Reina ndi Elbe mitsinje amadziwika ngati dziko lachibadwidwe la anthu a Chijeremani. Mitunduyo inali yochuluka kwambiri. Iwo analibe dzina limodzi ndipo kwa kanthawi sanazindikire ubale wina ndi mzake. Ndizomveka kulemba ena mwa iwo. Kotero, mu gawo la masiku ano a Scandinavia ankakhala dani, amayang'ana ndikuwuluka. Kum'mawa kwa Elbe River kunali katundu wa Goths, Vandals ndi Burgundians. Mitundu iyi inali yopanda pake: iwo anavutika kwambiri chifukwa cha kuukiridwa kwa Huns, anabalalitsidwa kuzungulira dziko lonse lapansi. Ndipo pakati pa Rhine ndi Elbe anakonza Teutons, Saxons, Angles, Batavi, Franks. Anapereka a German, British, Dutch, French. Kuwonjezera pa iwo otchulidwa, panalibe yutas, friezes, cherusks, Germundures, zinganga, mabala, mabastar ndi ena ambiri. Anthu akale a ku Germany Anasamukira makamaka kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kumwera, kapena makamaka - kum'mwera chakumadzulo, zomwe zinayambitsa zigawo za Aroma. Iwo amadzifunikanso mwadzidzidzi madera akummawa (Asilavic) .

Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa Ajeremani

Ponena za mafuko onga nkhondo a dziko lakale adaphunzira pakati pa zaka za m'ma 400 BC. E. Kuchokera pamakalata a Pythia woyendetsa nyanja, amene ankapita kukafika kumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumpoto (German). Kenaka Ajeremani adalengeza molimba mtima kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 2000 BC. E: mafuko a Teutons ndi Cimbri, omwe adasiya Jutland, adagonjetsa Gaul ndikufika ku Alpine Italy.

Gaius Marius anatha kuwaletsa, koma kuchokera nthawi imeneyo ufumuwo unayang'anitsitsa ntchito yozungulira oyandikana nayo. Komanso mafuko achijeremani anayamba kugwirizana kuti alimbikitse mphamvu zawo za nkhondo. Pakati pa zaka za zana la 1 BC. E. Julius Caesar m'kati mwa nkhondo ya Gallic anagonjetsa Asueya. Aroma anafika ku Elbe, ndipo patapita kanthawi - kwa Weser. Panali nthawi imeneyi inayamba kuonekera ntchito zasayansi yonena za moyo ndi chipembedzo cha mafuko obwezeretsa. Mwa iwo (ndi dzanja losavuta la Kaisara) mawu oti "German" anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwa njira, izi sizikutanthauza dzina lenileni. Chiyambi cha mawuwo ndi Celtic. "German" ndi "oyandikana nawo pafupi". Fuko lakale la Ajeremani, kapena kuti dzina lake - "Teutons", linagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi asayansi monga mawu ofanana.

Ajeremani ndi oyandikana nawo

Kumadzulo ndi kum'mwera ndi Ajeremani, Aselote anali pafupi. Chikhalidwe chawo chakuthupi chinali chapamwamba. Kunja, oimira maiko amenewa anali ofanana. Aroma nthawi zambiri amawasokoneza, ndipo nthawi zina amawaona kuti ndi anthu amodzi. Komabe, Aselote ndi Ajeremani si achibale. Kufanana kwa chikhalidwe chawo kumayikidwa ndi pafupi, mabanja osakanikirana, malonda.

Kum'maŵa, Ajeremani anali malire pa Asilavo, mafuko a Baltic ndi Finns. Inde, anthu onsewa adalimbikitsana. Ikhoza kutchulidwa mu chinenero, miyambo, njira zochitira bizinesi. Ajeremani zamakono ndi mbadwa za Asilavo ndi ma Celt omwe amaimiridwa ndi Ajeremani. Aroma adaona kukula kwa Asilavo ndi Ajeremani, komanso tsitsi lofiira kapena lofiira ndi maso a buluu (kapena imvi). Kuwonjezera pamenepo, nthumwi za anthu awa zinali ndi chigawenga chomwecho, chomwe chinapezedwa pa zofukulidwa zakale.

Asilavo ndi Ajeremani akale Anakhazikitsa akatswiri achiroma osati kokha ndi kukongola kwa thupi ndi zochitika, komanso ndi chipiriro. Zoona, zakale nthawi zonse akhala akuganiza kuti ndi zamtendere kwambiri, pamene omalizawo amaonedwa kuti ndi achiwawa komanso njuga.

Maonekedwe

Monga tanenedwa kale, Ajeremani ankawoneka kuti ndi Aroma omwe anali amphamvu kuti akhale amphamvu komanso aatali. Amuna aufulu ankavala tsitsi lalitali ndipo sanalive ndevu. M'madera ena, zinali zachizolowezi kumangirira tsitsi kumbuyo kwa mutu. Koma mulimonsemo, akanakhala ataliatali, popeza tsitsi lodulidwa ndi chizindikiro cha kapolo. Zovala za Ajeremani zinali zophweka, poyamba zovuta. Iwo ankakonda zovala za chikopa, zipewa za ubweya wa nkhosa. Amuna ndi akazi onse analikukonzekera: ngakhale nyengo yozizira ankavala malaya am'manja. Akatswiri achijeremani sanakhulupirire kuti zovala zina zimapangitsa kuti kayendetsedwe kake kasokonezeke. Pa chifukwa chimenechi, asilikaliwa analibe zida. Zida, komabe, zinali, ngakhale ayi.

Akazi achijeremane osakwatiwa ankayenda ndi tsitsi lawo atasuka, akazi okwatirawo anaphimba tsitsi lawo ndi ukonde waubweya. Chovala ichi chinali chophiphiritsira. Zovala za amuna ndi akazi zinali zofanana: nsapato zamatumba kapena nsapato, windings. Zovalazo zinali zokongoletsedwa ndi zida ndi ziphuphu.

Chikhalidwe cha anthu a ku Germany akale

Mipingo yandale komanso za ndale za Ajeremani sizinali zovuta. Kumapeto kwa zaka zana, mafuko awa anali ndi dongosolo la banja. Amatchedwanso kuti anthu oyambirira. Mu dongosolo lino, osati munthu wosiyana, koma banja, ndilofunika. Iye amapangidwa ndi achibale amagazi omwe amakhala mumudzi womwewo, amagwirira ntchito limodzi ndi nthaka ndikubwerana kulumbira kwa kubwezera magazi. Mafuko angapo amapanga fukolo. Zosankha zonse zofunikira za a ku Germany akale zidatenga, kutenga zingwe. Ili linali dzina la msonkhano wa anthu amitundu. Chinthu chinapanga chisankho chofunikira: dziko lovomerezeka lokhazikika pakati pa kubadwa, zigawenga zozengedwa, kuthetsa mkangano, kukhazikitsa mgwirizano wamtendere, nkhondo yolimbana ndi asilikali. Apa anyamatawo anadzipatulira kukhala ankhondo ndipo anasankhidwa, monga nkofunikira, atsogoleri a asilikali - atsogoleri. Amuna omasuka okha amaloledwa kuti alowe nawo, koma si onse omwe anali ndi ufulu wolankhula (izi zinaloledwa kwa akulu okha ndi mamembala olemekezeka kwambiri a fuko / fuko). Ajeremani anali ndi ukapolo wa makolo. Osakhala aufulu anali ndi ufulu wina, wokhala ndi katundu, ankakhala m'nyumba ya mwiniwake. Iwo sakanakhoza kuphedwa popanda chilango.

Gulu la asilikali

Mbiri ya anthu akale a ku Germany ali ndi mikangano yambiri. Amuna ankalipira nthawi yochuluka ku bizinesi ya nkhondo. Ngakhale isanayambe ndondomeko yotsutsana ndi maiko achiroma, Ajeremani anapanga amitundu amitundu - Edelings. Edelings anali anthu omwe anadzisiyanitsa okha pankhondo. Sitikunenedwa kuti anali ndi ufulu wapadera, koma anali ndi ulamuliro.

Poyambirira, Ajeremani anasankha ("kukwezedwa ku chishango") akuluakulu pokhapokha ngati akuopsezedwa ndi asilikali. Koma pachiyambi cha Kusamuka Kwakukulu kwa Mitundu, iwo anayamba kusankha mafumu (konungs) kuchokera ku Edelings kuti akhale ndi moyo. Mafumu anali pamutu pa mafuko. Iwo ali ndi brigades okhazikika ndipo amawapatsa zonse zofunika (kawirikawiri pambuyo pa ntchito yapadera). Kukhulupirika kwa mtsogoleri kunali kopambana. Anthu a ku Germany akale ankaona kuti ndizochititsa manyazi kubwerera ku nkhondo imene mfumu inagwa. Mu mkhalidwe uno, njira yokhayo yomwe inali kunja inali kudzipha.

Mu ankhondo a Germany panali mtundu wa banja. Izi zikutanthauza kuti achibale nthawi zonse ankamenyana limodzi. Mwinamwake, ndi mbali iyi yomwe imapangitsa kuti asilikaliwo azikhala oopsa komanso opanda mantha.

Ajeremani anamenya nkhondo. Asilikali okwera pamahatchi ankawoneka mochedwa, Aroma anali ochepa kwambiri. Chida chachikulu cha wankhondo chinali nthungo (kuchokera). Mpeni wotchuka wa Sax wakale wa Chijeremani unkafalikira. Kenaka nkhwangwa ndi spatha zinawoneka - lupanga la Celtic lakuphatikizana.

Economy

Akatswiri akale a mbiriyakale nthawi zambiri ankalongosola A German kuti ndi abusa-nomads. Komanso, panali lingaliro lakuti amuna anali atangogwira nawo nkhondo okha. Kafukufuku wakafukufuku wa zaka za m'ma 19-20 anasonyeza kuti zonse zinali zosiyana. Choyamba, iwo ankakhala moyo wokhazikika, wokhala ndi zoweta ng'ombe ndi ulimi. Anthu a ku Germany akale anali ndi malo odyetserako ziweto, msipu ndi minda. N'zoona kuti anthuwa anali ochepa, chifukwa madera ambiri ankalamuliridwa ndi nkhalango. Komabe, Ajeremani amakula oats, rye ndi balere. Koma kubereka ng'ombe ndi nkhosa zinali zofunika kwambiri. Ajeremani analibe ndalama, chuma chawo chinayesedwa ndi chiwerengero cha mitu ya ng'ombe. Inde, Ajeremani anali okonzeka kugwira ntchito khungu ndikuzigulitsa mwakhama. Anapanganso nsalu za ubweya wa zikopa.

Ankadziwa zamkuwa, siliva ndi chitsulo, koma anthu ochepa okha anali ndi malonda a osula. M'kupita kwanthawi, Ajeremani adaphunzira kupanga Damasiko chitsulo ndikupanga malupanga apamwamba kwambiri. Komabe, Saxon, mpeni womenyana wa German wakale, sanabwerere ntchito.

Zikhulupiriro

Chidziwitso chokhudza malingaliro achipembedzo a anthu osakhalitsa, omwe anapeza ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale Achiroma, ali osowa kwambiri, otsutsana ndi osadziwika. Tacitus akulemba kuti Ajeremani analenga mphamvu za chirengedwe, makamaka dzuwa. Pakapita nthawi, zochitika zachilengedwe zakhala zaumunthu. Mwachiwonekere, zinawoneka ngati chipembedzo cha Donar (Thor), mulungu wa mkuntho.

Ajeremani wa Tivaz, yemwe anali woyang'anira asilikali, anali olemekezeka kwambiri. Malingana ndi Tacitus, iwo ankapereka nsembe zaumulungu mwa ulemu wake. Kuphatikiza apo, iye ankagwiritsa ntchito zida ndi zida kwa adani akufa. Kuphatikiza pa milungu "yamba" (Donara, Wodan, Tivaz, Fro), fuko lirilonse limatamanda "umunthu", milungu yosadziwika kwambiri. Mahema sanamange Ajeremani: amapemphera m'nkhalango (malo opatulika) kapena m'mapiri. Tiyenera kunena kuti chipembedzo chachikhalidwe cha anthu a ku Germany ( omwe amakhala kumtunda) Anasinthidwa mwamsanga ndi Chikhristu. Ponena za Khristu, Ajeremani anaphunzira m'zaka za zana lachitatu chifukwa cha Aroma. Koma pa Chikunja cha Scandinavia chikunja chinakhala nthawi yaitali. Zinkasonyezedwa m'zolemba zomwe zinalembedwa m'zaka zamkati zapitazi ("Elder Edda" ndi "Young Edda").

Chikhalidwe ndi Art

Ajeremani ankachitira ulemu ansembe ndi aneneri aakazi. Ansembe anatsagana nawo maguluwo. Adaimbidwa mlandu wochita miyambo yachipembedzo, kupembedzera kwa milungu, kulanga zigawenga ndi amantha. Aneneri aakazi ankachita zamatsenga: ndi ziwalo za nyama zopatulika ndi kugonjetsedwa ndi adani, mwazi wothamanga ndi kulira kwa akavalo.

Anthu a ku Germany akale amapanga zodzikongoletsera ndi zitsulo mu "chikhalidwe cha nyama", chokongoletsedwa, mwinamwake, kuchokera kwa a Celt, koma analibe chikhalidwe chowonetsera milungu. Zithunzi zopanda pake, zachizoloŵezi za milungu, zomwe zimapezeka mu zikwama za peat, zinali ndi chikhalidwe chokha. Iwo samaimira mtengo wamakono. Komabe, zipangizo komanso katundu wa m'nyumba zomwe amitundu a Germany anazikonza bwino.

Malinga ndi olemba mbiri, anthu a ku Germany akale ankakonda nyimbo, zomwe zinali zofunikira kwambiri pa zikondwererozo. Iwo ankasewera zingwe ndi nyimbo, ankaimba nyimbo.

Ajeremani ankagwiritsa ntchito makalata okhwima. Zoonadi, sizinali zolembedwera malemba ochuluka. Anathamanga anali opatulika. Ndi chithandizo chawo, anthu adatembenukira kwa milungu, amayesa kufotokozera zam'tsogolo, adalenga zamatsenga. Zolembera zochepa zazing'ono zimapezeka pa miyala, zinthu za tsiku ndi tsiku, pa zida ndi zishango. Mosakayikitsa, chipembedzo cha anthu a ku Germany chakale chinkawonekera mu kalata yothamanga. Anthu a ku Scandinaviya anathamanga mpaka zaka za m'ma 1500.

Kuyanjana ndi Roma: Nkhondo ndi Malonda

Germania Magna, kapena Great Germany, siinakhalepo chigawo cha Roma. Kutha kwa zaka, monga tazitchula kale, Aroma adagonjetsa mafuko okhala kummawa kwa mtsinje wa Rhine. Koma m'chaka cha 9 n. E. Asirikali achiroma otsogoleredwa ndi Cherius Arminius (Herman) anagonjetsedwa ku nkhalango ya Teutoburg, ndipo phunziro ili a Imperials amakumbukira kwa nthawi yaitali.

Malire pakati pa Roma ounikiridwa ndi Europe zakutchire anayamba kugona pa Rhine, Danube ndi Limes. Pano, asilikali a Roma adasonkhanitsa asilikali, adamanga mizinda ndi midzi yomwe ilipo mpaka lero (monga Mainz-Mogontsiakum, ndi Vindobonu (Vienna).

Anthu akale a ku Germany ndi Ufumu wa Roma samenyana nthawi zonse. Mpaka pakati pa zaka za m'ma 3 AD. E. Anthuwa ankakhala mwamtendere. Panthawi ino, malonda apanga, kapena m'malo osinthanitsa. Ajeremani anawapatsa Aroma ndi zikopa, zikopa, akapolo, ndi amber, ndipo analandira malonda ndi zinthu zamtengo wapatali. Pang'onopang'ono iwo ankakonda kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama. Mitundu yaumwini inali ndi maudindo: mwachitsanzo, ufulu wogulitsa pa nthaka ya Aroma. Amuna ambiri adakhala mafumu ochokera kwa mafumu a Roma.

Komabe, kuukiridwa kwa Huns (mazita a kummawa), omwe adayamba m'zaka za m'ma 400 AD E., "anasunthira" Ajeremani ku nyumba zawo, ndipo adathamangiranso ku madera akumidzi.

Akum'mawa a ku Germany ndi Ufumu Wachiroma: Kutsiriza

Panthawi yoyamba ya Kusamutsidwa Kwambiri kwa Mitundu, zida zamphamvu za ku Germany zinayamba kugwirizanitsa mafuko: choyamba ndi cholinga chotetezera Aroma, ndiyeno - pofuna kulanda ndi kufunkha zigawo zawo. M'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi, ufumu wonse wa Kumadzulo unalandidwa. Pa mabwinja ake maufumu achikunja a Ostrogoths, Franks, Anglo-Saxons anamangidwa. Mzinda Wamuyaya womwewo unali utazingidwa ndi kufunkhidwa kangapo muzaka zachisokonezo. Mitundu yowonongeka inali yapadera kwambiri. Mu 476 AD E. Romulus Augustul, mfumu yomalizira ya Roma, anakakamizidwa kuti asiye kugonjetsedwa ndi Odoacr.

Chikhalidwe cha anthu a ku Germany chakale chinasinthidwa. Kuchokera ku njira ya moyo wamba anthu osapitako anapita kumalo amodzi. A Middle Ages anadza.