Zambiri-zowonjezera ndizo ... Kuyamba kwa ndalama zowonjezera

Chodabwitsa chotero monga kugawidwa kwa chakudya, chomwe chimadziwikiranso pansi pa dzina lofupikitsa la cholowa-chololedwa, chinachitika ku Russia pakati pa 1919 ndi 1921. Panthawiyi, boma linaganiza zoika miyezo yambiri ya chakudya ndi zinthu zina zomwe anthu amtundu angakwanitse kusunga, ndipo ayenera kugulitsa zinthu zonse ku boma pamtengo wotsika. Kufunafuna chakudya, makampani osowa chakudya, makomiti osauka ndi mabungwe am'deralo adagwira ntchito, zomwe zinapangitsa anthu osauka kupereka ndalama zawo.

Zimakhudza anthu

Kuyamba kwa ndalama zowonjezereka kunapangitsanso kuti anthu ambiri adzikhala ovuta. Mitengo ya kudzipereka kwa mkate, yomwe inagawidwa kapena kufalitsidwa ngati msonkho, nthawi zambiri imaposa malonda enieni a anthu.

Alimi ambiri adayesera kubisala katundu wawo, koma zida zogula chakudya mwamsanga zinapeza zonse ndipo zinawalanga "zobisa".

Zotsatira za zotsalira

Kale chaka choyamba cha kuopsa kwa chakudya komanso chiyambi cha chakudya, anthu adagula pafupifupi 44.6 miliyoni. Chaka chachiwiri chinawonjezeka kwambiri ku zizindikiro ndipo chinabweretsa zipolopolo za 113.9 miliyoni. Kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa mitengo kunayambitsidwa ndi kugawidwa kwa Azungu, monga ena mwa anthu wamba adagwirizana kuti azichirikiza Achikomyunizimu kuti asapeze kupambana kwa mphamvu za adani. Choncho, mu November wokha, mu 1917, pafupifupi zipolopolo zokwana 33.7 miliyoni zinaperekedwa, koma izi zinatheka kuti Boma lokonzekera likhale ndi makina ogwiritsira ntchito chakudya panthawiyo, mothandizidwa ndi momwe ndalamazo zinagwiritsidwira ntchito.

Chodabwitsa ichi, chomwe cholinga chawo chinali kupereka asilikali, anali ndi zolakwa zingapo. Vuto lalikulu pano linali bungwe losauka, chifukwa chakuti mbali yaikulu ya masambawo sankafika pa nthawi yawo, koma inangowonongeka nthawi ndi nthawi. Zakudya zokwana 60% ndi nsomba, fodya 100%, ndi chakudya cha 40% zinagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zosowa za ankhondo, zomwe zinasonkhanitsidwa malinga ndi zofunikanso. Amphawi ndi ogwira ntchito wamba ankakakamizidwa kuti azifa ndi njala, pamene mankhwala omwe anasankhidwa kuchokera kwa iwo, kufika ku mizinda ikuluikulu, kawirikawiri anaba ndi kugawidwa m'magawo.

Chifukwa chiyani katundu wogulitsa anachitidwa

Kutanthauzira kwa malire a kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ogulitsa analola antchito ndi antchito kusungidwa osachepera njala. Ndi mwayi wapadera kwa asilikari, ndipo pansi pazikhalidwe zabwino panali utsogoleri wa boma, umene unapatsidwa chakudya chokhazikika. Zolingazo zidakhala chifukwa chosowa chilakolako cha alimi kugwira ntchito, chifukwa adasankha mbewu yonse. Ichi chinali chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu zomwe zinayambitsa kuthetsa kwathunthu kwa ulimi mu 1921 kale. Padziko lonse, kuuka kwa anthu ambiri akuyamba, kufuna kuthetsa njira zomwezo.

Panthawi imeneyi, pakhomopo panabwezeredwa ndalama zowonjezera, zomwe zinali zoyamba komanso zofunikira kwambiri kuti asinthe.

Ubwino ndi kuipa

Ngakhale kuti ndondomekoyi inatha kuthetsa vutoli ndi chakudya m'dzikoli, izi zinabweretsa mavuto ambiri. Mwachidziwitso, ndalamazo zinayambika pa January 11, 1919, pa nthawi yovuta kwambiri kwa boma la Soviet, pamene dziko likufunikira thandizo.

Malingana ndi malemba apamwamba, anthu osauka ankayenera kupereka zopereka zawo zochulukirapo, kupitirira zikhalidwe zomwe boma linapereka, koma kodi ndalamazo zinkachitika? Zili zovuta kukhazikitsa tsopano, pafupifupi zaka zana kenako, koma zina zenizeni zasungidwa. Nthawi zina amphawi wamba amasankhidwa kuti azikhala ndi zosowa za anthu, ndipo ndalama zomwe ankayenera kulandirazo zidasinthidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mapepala omwe palibe chimene chingagulidwe. Izi zinayambitsa kupha magazi, kumangidwa ndi kuuka. Choncho, kuchokera ku mbiri yakale, izi ndi zochitika ziwiri.

Zoonadi

• Gawo loyamba la chakudya chochuluka mu Ufumu wa Russia wang'onopang'ono unayamba kale mu December 1916. Koma izi, kuphatikizapo machitidwe ena a boma, zinangopangitsa kuti boma liwonongeke mofulumira.
• Boma lachigawo, lomwe linagwiritsanso ntchito kufufuza zakudya, linatha kupititsa patsogolo nkhokwe za chakudya, kusonkhanitsa makilogalamu 280 miliyoni a mbewu kuchokera pa zomwe anakonza 650.

• Zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zinayambitsidwa mwamsanga kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1919, zinakhala mbali ya mantha a Bolsheviks pa Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni, yomwe inachitika masiku a "Chikomyunizimu cha Nkhondo."
• Kwa a Bolshevik, chuma chokwanira (ichi chinatsimikiziridwa mwalamulo) chinali chovuta. Kumayambiriro kwa ntchitoyi kunali kosatheka m'madera ena, kotero izo zinkachitika kokha m'chigawo chapakati cha dzikoli.
• Poyamba, mbewu zochepazo zinagawidwa kokha kwa tirigu, koma kumapeto kwa 1920, miyesoyo inagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzinthu zonse zaulimi.
• Poyamba, amphawi analipira kulipira katundu, komabe, kubweretsa katundu kunalibe kwaulere, chifukwa ndalamazo zinasokonezeka, ndipo makampaniwo anali owonongeka kwambiri - palibe chomwe chingasinthe.

• Mwachidziwikire, anthu osauka nthawi zonse sanagwirizane kuti adzipeleka mwaufulu ndi omwe adapeza, kotero panali zida zapadera zankhondo, makomiti a anthu osauka ndi a Red Army.
• Pamene amphawi sadakhalanso ndi chilakolako kapena mwayi wotsutsa ndondomeko za boma, anayamba kubisa chakudya ndikukweza mkate kuposa momwemo.
• Ngakhale kukumbukira kuti kulamulira kwauchidakwa kumabweretsa chisamaliro cha anthu osauka, palibe kukayikira kuti ankhondo amatha kuthandizidwa ndi katundu wambiri. Chodabwitsa ichi chinathandizanso kupulumutsa anthu a m'midzi.
• Pakati pa 1918 mpaka 1920, mkulu wa asilikali a ku Russia anali chakudya cha Chikomyunizimu, yemwe pambuyo pake anakhala membala wa Ufumu wachitatu. Anali Roland Fraesler.

Zotsatira

Chodabwitsa cha kugawidwa kwa chakudya, komanso zochitika zina zambiri zomwe a Bolshevik anakhazikitsa, zinali ndi ubwino wambiri, komanso zolephera zambiri. Ngakhale kuti ndondomekoyi inathandizira kupereka zida zogwiritsira ntchito, katundu wambiri anangowonongeka, ngakhale kuti anachotsedwa kwa anthu omwe amawafuna - ndi momwe ndalamazo zinagwiritsidwira ntchito. Chaka chomwe chinayambira, chinakhala chinthu chosabwerera ku kukhazikika ndi chiyambi cha chirichonse chimene chidzabweretsa mavuto aakulu.