Zipembedzo zakale. Zikamera wa zipembedzo, zikhulupiriro zakale

Lero, okondedwa, ndi nkhani uyu adzakhala chipembedzo wakale. Ife kuyenda pansi pa madzi mu dziko zachinsinsi za Sumerians ndi Aigupto, Titakhazikika ndi moto opembedza, ndi tanthauzo la "Chibuda." Mudzaphunziranso kumene kunali chipembedzo, ndi pamene malingaliro munthu woyambayo za moyo wina pambuyo.

Werengani mosamala, chifukwa lero tikambirana za mmene anthu wadutsa kuchokera ku zikhulupiriro wosazindikira ku akachisi ano.

Kodi ndi "chipembedzo"

A kalekale anthu anayamba kuganizira za mafunso omwe sangakhoze anafotokoza yekha mwa zochitika padziko lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, kodi ife anachokera kuti? Kodi chimachitika n'chiyani munthu akamwalira? Amene analenga mitengo, mapiri, nyanja? Awa ndi mavuto ena ambiri sanali kuyankhidwa.

njira anapezeka mu makanema ojambula ndi kulambira zochitika, zinthu, malo, nyama ndi zomera. Njira imeneyi chimasiyanitsa zipembedzo zonse zakale. Kuti mudziwe zambiri za iwo nkhani zotsatirazi.

Mawu akuti "chipembedzo" amachokera ku chinenero Latin. Lingaliro Izi zikutanthauza miroosoznanie, womwenso kukhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu, ndi malamulo zimene zikuyenela, dongosolo la zinthu zachipembedzo ndi gulu yeniyeni.

Ena amakhulupirira masiku ano akufanana ndi udindo onse. Iwo sangakhoze limanenedwa ngati "chipembedzo". Chibuda Mwachitsanzo, ena amakhala akutanthauza kuti mafundewo aumunthu.

Kenako m'nkhani tikambirana zikamera wa zipembedzo ndi zikhulupiriro zakale za anthu ndipo ambiri mumaganiza kuti masiku ano, koma chinayambira kalekale.

Pamaso pa zikamera wa nzeru za chipembedzo anayankha mafunso zabwino ndi zoipa, makhalidwe abwino, tanthauzo la moyo, ndi ena ambiri. Komanso, kuyambira nthawi yakale panayima makamaka chikhalidwe stratum - ansembe. Izi ansembe yofanana ndi alaliki, amishonale. Iwo samangokhala kuthana ndi vuto la "chipulumutso," koma ali otchuka kwambiri boma anayambitsa.

Choncho, pamene zonse adayamba. Tsopano tikambirana za chiyambi cha malingaliro woyamba wa chilengedwe apamwamba ndi zinthu zauzimu mu chilengedwe.

zikhulupiriro wosazindikira

Ife tikudziwa za zikhulupiriro za anthu akale a ziboliboli ndi manda. Komanso, mabanja ena amakhalabe mu mlingo Stone Age. Choncho, ethnographers akhoza kufufuza ndi kufotokoza dziko lawo ankaganizira. Ndi ku zinthu zimenezi atatu tikudziwa za chipembedzo akale.

makolo athu anayamba kupatula dziko lenileni kuchokera dziko lina zaka zoposa zikwi makumi anayi zapitazo. Inali pa nthawi iyi pali mtundu wa munthu, ngati Cro-Magnon munthu, kapena Homo sapiens. Ndipotu, iye alibe ndi osiyana ndi anthu amakono.

Pamaso pake anali akalewa. Iwo kulibe padziko sikisite zaka chikwi pamaso pa Kubwera kwa Cro-Magnon. Ilo liri mu maliro woyamba Neanderthal ndi ocher ndi katundu manda. Ndi chizindikiro cha chiyeretso ndi zipangizo moyo pambuyo pa imfa pa tsiku lomaliza.

Pang'onopang'ono anapanga animism. Ndi kukhulupirira kuti zinthu zonse, zomera, nyama ndi mzimu. Ngati ife kusamalira pofuna kusangalatsa mizimu ya mtsinje, kungakhale nsomba. mizimu ya nkhalango amapereka kusakasaka bwino. A m'chakudya chokoma mzimu zipatso za mitengo ya m'munda, kapena kuthandiza ndi zokolola zambiri.

Zotsatira za zikhulupiriro izi anapulumuka kwa zaka zambiri. Kodi chifukwa ife ali kulankhula ndi zipangizo, makina ndi zinthu zina poganiza kuti ife adzamvedwa ndi vuto idzapita palokha.

Monga chitukuko cha animism, pali totemism, fetishism ndi kukhulupirira mizimu. The choyamba ndi chikhulupiriro kuti fuko lililonse lili yake "totem", kumbuyo ndi agogo. Chikhulupiriro ndi chibadidwe mafuko pa siteji yotsatira chitukuko.

Ena mwa iwo ndi Amwenye ndi mafuko ena ochokera m'mayiko osiyana. Zitsanzo ndi ethnonyms - fuko la Great Buffalo kapena anzeru Muskrat.

Kwa inunso aku kulambira nyama yopatulika, taboos, etc.

Fetishism - ndi chikhulupiriro mu mayiko amphamvu, amene angatipatse mphoto ndi zinthu zina. Izi zikuphatikizapo mphinjiri, chithumwa ndi zinthu zina. Iwo apangidwa pofuna kuteteza anthu ku mphamvu yoipa kapena M'malo mwake, amathandiza kuti Inde bwino zochitika.
Zoyerekeza zikhoza kukhala chinthu chachilendo kuti waima kuchokera pakati amenewa.

Mwachitsanzo, mwala ndi phiri kapena mbalame osaka nthenga wopatulika. Kenako zimenezi ndi wothira mwambo wa makolo, ayamba ndi chidole, mphinjiri. Kenako, iwo amakhala milungu anthropomorphic.

Choncho mkangano za chimene chiri chipembedzo zakale, sangayankhe mosapita m'mbali. Pang'onopang'ono, anthu osiyana kusonkhana makombo a zikhulupiriro wosazindikira ndi zinachitikira tsiku ndi tsiku. Wotero plexus ndipo pali njira zina mwa mfundo zauzimu.

matsenga

Ponena za zipembedzo zakale, tinakambirana za mizimu, koma sanali kukambirana izo. Umenewu ndi patsogolo kwambiri zikhulupiriro. Pamafunikanso osati zotsala wa kulambira, koma zimasonyezanso kuthekera kukopa anthu pa dziko losawoneka.

Asing'anga, ndi kukhudzidwa kwa anthu ena a fuko, mukhoza kulankhula ndi mizimu ndi kuthandiza anthu. Zikuphatikizapo miyambo ya machiritso, kuyitana mwayi mapemphero tidzapambana pa nkhondo ndi limatchula kukolola.

Mwambo umenewu akadali lili Siberia, Africa ndi madera ena zochepa otukuka. Monga mbali ya kusintha kwa yosavuta zovuta kwambiri shamanic matsenga ndi chipembedzo tikhoza kunena kuti chikhalidwe vuduu.

Mmenemo muli kale milungu yomwe udindo mbali zosiyanasiyana za moyo. Mu Latin America, zithunzi African ndi superimposed pa katundu wa oyera Katolika. Izi mwambo zachilendo ndipo likusonyeza Kulambira vuduu pakati mafunde awa zamatsenga.

Ponena zikamera wa zipembedzo zakale, Sitinganyalanyaze matsenga. Izi mawonekedwe apamwamba a zikhulupiriro achikale. Pang'onopang'ono kukhala zovuta kwambiri, miyambo shamanic kuyamwa zinachitikira osiyana chidziwitso. Analenga miyambo amene ankatanthauza kuti ena anthu ena ochulukirapo. Iye akhapidziwa kuti, adalandira mwambo ndi chinsinsi (esoteric) chidziwitso, mages ali pafupifupi amphamvu ngati.

Kodi mwambo zamatsenga. Ichi ndi chilango kuyimira kanthu anakhumba ndi zotsatira zabwino. Mwachitsanzo, amuna kuvina nkhondo gule kuukira kungoganiza mdani, Mwadzidzidzi m'chifanizo cha Ula totem wa fuko ndi kuthandiza ana awo kuwononga mdani. Awa ndi wosazindikira mawonekedwe a mwambo wa.

miyambo More amange zafotokozedwa mu m'buku lapadera a mfiti, amene kuyambira nthawi zakale. Zikuphatikizapo Buku la Akufa mfiti buku la mizimu, "kiyi wa Solomo" ndipo grimoires ena.

Choncho, makumi angapo a zaka masauzande a chikhulupiriro apita ku mitengo, ndi kulambira nyama kulambira zochitika munthu kapena khalidwe la munthu. Kuti ife kuwatcha milungu.

Chisumeriya-atazindikira chitukuko

Kenako, tikambirana za zipembedzo zakale za East. Chifukwa ife tiyambira nawo? Chifukwa chitukuko woyamba ananyamuka ku dera limeneli.
Choncho, malinga ndi ofukula, ndi kuthetsa wakale anali mu "Fertile Crescent." Dziko a Middle East ndi Mesopotamia. Apa ndi pamene boma Sumer ndi Akkad. Za zikhulupiriro zawo ndipo tidzayankhulana zina.

Chipembedzo Mesopotamia amadziwika kuti ife ndi Zinthu zamakedzana pa dera la Iraq. Komanso anapulumuka ena zipilala mabuku a nthawi imeneyo. Mwachitsanzo, nthano ya Gilgamesh.

epic amenewa linalembedwa pa mapale. Anapezeka mu akachisi wakale ndi nyumba zachifumu, ndipo kenako inalembedwa. Choncho, zimene taphunzira iwo.
Ancient nthano limafotokoza nkhani ya milungu akale amene amaimira madzi, dzuwa, mwezi ndi dziko lapansi. Iwo abala ngwazi achinyamata amene amakhala "phokoso." Pa izi primal tinaganiza kuchotsa iwo. Koma mulungu EA kumwamba anaganiza dongosolo mochenjera ndipo anali wokhoza kuti tizigona bambo awo abuzy, amene wasanduka nyanja.

Mfundo yachiwiri limatiuza za kuwuka kwa Marduk. Kudalembedwa, zikuoneka, pa subordination ya Babulo onse a mzinda-limati. Pajatu anali Marduk ndi Mulungu wamkulu ndi mtetezi wa mzindawo.

nthano limanena kuti Tiamat (phompho) anaganiza kuukira "kumwamba" milungu, ndi kuwaononga. A nkhondo ochepa anapata ndi choyambirira "maganizo." Pomaliza, tinaganiza kutumiza nkhondo ndi Tiamat, Marduk, amene anathana ndi ntchitoyo. Iye anadula thupi la wogonjetsedwa. M'madera osiyanasiyana anapanga kumwamba ndi dziko lapansi, phiri la Ararati, Tigirisi ndi Firate.

Choncho, Sumeri-atazindikira chikhulupiriro ndi chinthu choyamba mu mapangidwe Institute of chipembedzo, pamene yotsirizira amakhala mbali ya boma.

Egypt

Wolowa mmalo mwa chipembedzo cha chitukuko wakale wa Sumer anali Egypt. ansembe ake anali kupitiriza ntchito ya ansembe Babulo. Iwo akonza njira sayansi ya masamu, masamu, zakuthambo. Komanso analenga zitsanzo zidzasintha a mfiti, nyimbo, zomangamanga wopatulika. Iwo wakhala mwambo wapadera kukonzera mitembo kuti isawonongeke olemekezeka posthumous ndi Farao.

Olamulira a nyengo imeneyi ya m'mbiri anayamba kulengeza okha ana a milungu, ndi zoona, anthu a kumwamba. Zochokera maganizo ameneŵa ndipo anamanga siteji yotsatira ya zipembedzo zakale za dziko. Table ya Babulo yachifumu akuti kazembe kudzipereka analandira kuchokera Marduk. Mabuku a mapiramidi Mwachitsanzo osati anthu osankhika a Mulungu Afarao, komanso kusonyeza kugwirizana banja.

Komabe, izi si kulambira Farao anali kuchokera pachiyambi. Zikuoneka pokhapokha anagonjetsa m'mayiko oyandikana ndi chilengedwe cha dziko amphamvu ndi gulu lankhondo lamphamvu. Izi zisanachitike panali milungu yosiyanasiyana, amene pambuyo kachidutswa, koma anali mbali yake yaikulu.

Choncho, monga momwe akunenera mu ntchito ya Herodotus "History" chipembedzo cha Aigupto akale anaphatikizapo miyambo wodzipereka kwa nyengo zosiyana, Umulungu kulambira ndi kuchititsa miyambo wapadera cholinga zolimbitsira dziko la mu dziko.

nthano Aigupto mundiuze mfumukazi ya kumwamba, ndi Mulungu wa dziko lapansi, amene anabereka zonse kuti tikukhala. Anthu amenewa anakhulupirira kuti thambo - ndi Mtedza waimirira pa Gebom, mulungu wa dziko lapansi. Iye amabwera kwa iye yekha nsonga za zala ndi zala. Maulo, iye wakudya dzuwa mmawa uliwonse n'kubereka izo kachiwiri.

Umulungu waukulu mu nthawi oyambirira a ku Aigupto Ra, mulungu wa dzuwa. Kenako anapereka ulamuliro kwa Osirisi.

Nthano ya Isisi Osirisi ndi Horus pambuyo anapanga maziko a nthano zambiri za mpulumutsi anaphedwa ndi kuukitsidwa.

Chizorowasita

Monga ife otchulidwa pa chiyambi, chipembedzo cha mtundu zimachitika katundu zamphamvu za zinthu zosiyana ndi zinthu. chikhulupiriro ichi wateteza Aperisiya wakale. Anthu oyandikana otchedwa awo "moto-olambira", monga iwo kwambiri analemekeza zodabwitsazi.

Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zipembedzo woyamba dziko, amene anali malemba ake. Kapena Sumer kapena Egypt, izi sizinali. Pali analipo yekha anamwazikana mabuku a mfiti ndi nyimbo, nthano ndi malangizo kukonzera mitembo kuti isawonongeke. Mu Egypt, komabe linali Bukhu la Akufa, koma sitinganene kuti ndi Lemba.

Mu Chizorowasita pali mneneri - Zarathustra. Iye analandira Lemba (Avesta) wa mulungu wamkulu Ahura Mazida.

Pa maziko a chipembedzo ili ndi ufulu wosankha abwino. Munthu aliyense wachiwiri ndi pakati zoipa (amaimira Angra Manyu kapena Ahriman) ndi chabwino (Ahura Mazida kapena Ormuz). chipembedzo Azolowasita awo ankatchedwa "chikhulupiriro" komanso yekha "missus".

Aperisiya ankakhulupirira kuti munthu ndi chikumbumtima zaperekedwa kwa molondola kudziwa mbali yawo mu dziko lauzimu. The postulates waukulu anali kuthandiza ena osowa ndi kuthandizidwa. The malamulo oletsa chachikulu - chiwawa, kuba ndi kuba.
Cholinga cha Zoroastrian aliyense anali kukwaniritsa maganizo abwino, mawu ndi zochita nthawi yomweyo.

Monga ena ambiri chipembedzo wakale Eastern, "Chikhulupiliro cha bwino" kulengezedwa mapeto chipambane wabwino zoipa. Koma Chizorowasita - ndi kachikhulupiriro yoyamba imene pali mfundo monga kumwamba ndi hade.

-Olambira moto ankatchedwa kwa ulemu wapadera kuti iwo anapereka moto. Koma chinthu ichi ankaona ngati mawonetseredwe kwambiri kwadalako wa Ahura Mazida. The chizindikiro chachikulu cha mulungu wamkulu m'dziko kukhulupirira kathu dzuwa.

Chibuda

Mu Asia East kalekale chipembedzo otchuka a Chibuda. Ntchito yomasulira Russian mawu a Chisansikiriti kutanthauza "nzeru za kudzutsidwa kwauzimu." tate wake imatengedwa kalonga Siddhartha Gautama, amene ankakhala mu India la chisanu ndi chimodzi m'ma BC. Mawu akuti "Buddhism" anaonekera ndi m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, Amwenye okha kuti "dharma" kapena "boddhidharma".

Lero ndi limodzi mwa atatu zipembedzo dziko, amene ali wamkulu wa iwo. Chibuda wafala chikhalidwe cha anthu a Asia East, kotero kumvetsa Chinese, Amwenye Tibetans ndi ena ambiri n'chotheka pambuyo kudziwana ndi zoyambirira za chipembedzo ichi.

Mfundo zikuluzikulu za chiBuddha ndi izi:
- moyo - akuvutika;
- mavuto (kusakhutira) ndi chifukwa;
- n'zotheka kuchotsa kuvutika;
- ali m'njira ya ku chipulumutso.

postulates zimenezi zimatchedwa zinayi choonadi mfulu. njira A imatsogolera ku ndiyotani pakuchotsa wosakhutira ndi kukhumudwa, amatchedwa "Eightfold".
Akukhulupirira kuti Buddha anafika pozindikira izi ataona mavuto a dziko ndi zaka zambiri kusinkhasinkha pansi pa mtengo pa funso la chifukwa anthu akuvutika.

Today chikhulupiriro ichi imatengedwa panopa nzeru zaumunthu, osati chipembedzo. The zifukwa motere:
- Chibuda alibe lingaliro la Mulungu, moyo ndi chiwombolo;
- palibe bungwe ogwirizana chiphunzitso ndi kudzipereka mopanda malire zoti;
- anthu ake amakhulupirira kuti wopandamalire chiwerengero wa zolengedwa;
- Mukhozanso m'chipembedzo chilichonse ndi mfundo za Chibuda, si zoletsedwa.

amakedzana

Otsatira Chikhristu ndi ena zikhulupiriro zitatuzi kulambira chikhalidwe oyamba amatchedwa chikunja. Choncho, tingathe kunena kuti chipembedzo yakale kwambiri padziko lonse. Tsopano ife asamukira ku India ku gombe Mediterranean.

Apa, mu nthawi yamakedzana amenewa anayamba chikhalidwe makamaka Greek ndi Aroma. Ngati inu kuyang'anitsitsa pa pantheons milungu akale, iwo ali pafupifupi mosinthana ndi ofanana. Nthawi zambiri, kusiyana kokha dzina la wotchulidwa.

Ndi chidwi kuti chipembedzo cha milungu wakale, milungu kuzindikiridwa ndi anthu. Ngati mukuwerenga wakale Greek ndi Aroma nthano, tikuona kuti wosafa monga Hana, nsanje ndi kudzikonda ngati anthu. Iwo kuthandiza anthu amene amakumana, iwo akhoza kugulidwa. Gods, anakwiya pa asatipusitsenso akhoza kuwononga anthu wonse.

Komabe, njira imeneyi kumvetsa za mdziko anathandiza angalinganize masiku ano. Pamaziko a ubwenzi woterewu zosafunikira ndi mphamvu apamwamba anatha kukhala nzeru ndi zambiri sayansi. Ngati ife tikufanizira amakedzana ndi Zapakati, zimaonekeratu kuti ndi ufulu wa kulankhula ndi wofunika kwambiri kuposa imposition wa "chikhulupiriro chenicheni."

milungu wakale ankakhala paphiri la Olympus, limene lili mu Greece. Komanso, anthu ndiye anthu mizimu ya nkhalango, madzi ndi mapiri. Chikhalidwe ichi chinachitika patapita dwarves European, elves ndi zolengedwa zina zongopeka.

zipembedzo Abulahamu

Today ife kugawana mbiri yakale nthawi pamaso pa Khristu ndi pambuyo. N'chifukwa chiyani mwambo umenewu wakhala zofunika? Mu Middle East amaona kuti kukhala kholo la munthu wotchedwa Abraham. About akunena Torah, Baibulo ndi Koran. Iye analankhula koyamba za Mulungu mmodzi. Zimene sanamuzindikire zipembedzo zakale za dziko.

Table zipembedzo limasonyeza kuti mu zikhulupiriro Abulahamu nambala yaikulu Otsatira lero.

Zochita waukulu amaonedwa Chiyuda, Chikhristu ndi Chisilamu. Iwo anatuluka mu dongosolo kutchulidwa. The wamkulu imatengedwa Chiyuda, iye wawonekera penapake chinayi m'ma BC. Apo, kuzungulira atumwi pali Chikhristu, ndi chimodzi - Islam.

Komabe, zipembedzo okhawo spawned nkhondo ambiri mikangano. Kusagwirizana kwa zipembedzo zina ndi chizindikiro cha otsatira zipembedzo Abulahamu.

Ngakhale ngati mwawerenga mosamala Malemba, iwo analankhula za chikondi ndi chifundo. Anasokoneza kugogoda kokha malamulo a oyambirira Ages Middle, monga afotokozera mu mabuku awa. mavuto anayamba otentheka mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito chakale mbalume kwa anthu masiku ano, zomwe kale zinasintha kwambiri.

Poona kusiyana pakati pa malemba a bukhu ndi khalidwe la okhulupirira kwa zaka panali mafunde osiyana. Iwo ali mu njira zawo anamasulira Malemba, zimene zinachititsa kuti "nkhondo ya chikhulupiriro."

vuto si kuthetsedwa kwathunthu lero, koma zochepa bwino. Masiku ano "mpingo watsopano" ndi cholinga pa dziko lamkati la mpingo ndi chikwama cha wansembe kuposa kugonjetsa ampatuko.

Chipembedzo wakale wa Asilavo

Today pa gawo la Chitaganya cha Russia Tingaone monga mitundu amakezana a chipembedzo, ndi mafunde zitatuzi. Koma amene ankapembedza makolo athu pachiyambi?

Chipembedzo of Ancient Russia lero amatchedwa akuti "chikunja". Zimene Akhristu amakhulupirira kutanthauza chikhulupiriro cha anthu ena. Pa nthawi wakhala pang'ono apamtima onyoza.

Lero, anayesa kugwiritsa kubwezeretsa zikhulupiriro zakale padziko lonse. Ulaya reconstructing chikhulupiriro Aselote, wotchedwa zochita zawo "mwambo". Mu Russia, anatenga dzina "abale", "Asilavo-Aryans", "Rodnovers" ndi ena.

magwero a zipangizo ndi thandizo kubwezeretsa nyenyeswa za dziko wakale Asilavo chiyani? Choyamba, ndi manda zolembalemba, monga "Veles buku" ndi "Lay." Pali amatchulidwa ena miyambo, mayina ndi makhalidwe a milungu yosiyanasiyana.

Komanso, pali zinthu zambiri pofukula, amene amanena momveka bwino zikusonyeza cosmogony wa makolo athu.

Supreme milungu anali osiyana mu mafuko osiyanasiyana. Pa nthawi allocated Perun, mulungu wa mabingu, ndi Veles. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu udindo wa agogo Ndodo. Places milungu olambirira amatchedwa "akachisi" ndipo ili mu nkhalango kapena pa magombe a mtsinje. Anaika matabwa ndi miyala ziboliboli. Kubwera kupemphera ndi kupereka nsembe.

Motero, owerenga wokondedwa, lero tikuuzidwa kuti liwu monga chipembedzo. Komanso, tinakumana ndi zikhulupiriro zosiyanasiyana wakale.

Zabwino zonse kwa inu, abwenzi anga. Ololera wina ndi mzake!