Kiy, Prince wa Kiev: biography ndi umboni wa mbiri yakale

Prince Kiy - yemwe adayambitsa mzinda wa Kiev, umene udzakhala pakati pa dziko lakale la Russia. Pali mikangano yambiri yeniyeni ya munthu uyu: olemba mbiri ena amaona kuti ntchito yake ndi yodabwitsa, ena amanena kuti nthano zingakhale ndi maziko a zochitika zenizeni. Kotero ndani anali Prince Cue? Mafilimu, machitidwe osiyanasiyana a moyo wake, komanso kutanthauzira kwawo kudzakhala nkhani yaikulu.

Chikalata cha "Zaka Zakale Zakale"

Chinthu choyamba chomwe chiyenera kutchulidwa pofufuza choonadi, amene anayambitsa Kiev, Prince Kiy, ndi mbiri ya "The Tale of Bygone Years".

Malinga ndi mbiriyi, abale a Kiy, Shchek ndi Horeb, komanso mlongo wawo wokongola Lybid anali a fuko la glades. Shchek ankakhala paphiri, lomwe m'tsogolomu linkatchedwa Shchekovitsa, ndi Horeb - pamtunda, wotchedwa Horywicz. Polemekeza Lybidi, mtsinje unatchulidwa, wothamangira ku Dnieper. Abale atatu ndi mlongo anayambitsa mzinda wotchedwa wamkulu wawo, Kiev.

Pa nthawi yomweyi, wolemba mbiri amapereka zina mwa maziko a mzinda, malinga ndi zomwe Kiy sali kalonga konse, koma wothandizira wodutsa ku Dnieper. Choncho, dera ili linadziwika kuti "kayendetsedwe ka Kiev". M'tsogolomu dzina ili linakhazikitsidwa ndi kumbuyo kwa mzinda kumadera awa. Koma wolemba mbiriyo mwiniwake akukana izi, akunena kuti Kiy anapita ku Constantinople, likulu la Byzantium, ndipo analandiridwa ndi mfumu, ndipo wothandizira wamba sakanakhoza kuchita izi, kotero iye anali mtsogoleri mwakuya.

Zina mwazolemba zimati, kubwerera, Prince Cue wakakhazikika m'mphepete mwa Danube tawuni yaing'ono yomwe adasankha kukhazikitsa. Koma am'deralo sankafuna alendo, choncho adakakamizika kubwerera kumtunda kwa Dnieper, ku Kiev. Koma ngakhale pa Danube panali malo akale omwe ankatchedwa Kievets. Kiy, monga abale ndi alongo ake, adamwalira mumzinda wa Kiev womwe anayambitsa.

Ndi nthano iyi yokhudza Prince Kie yemwe ali wovomerezeka kwambiri.

Nkhani ya Novgorod annals

Mbiri ya Novgorod ndi mtundu wopitiliza "Nkhani ya Bygone Years". Komabe, amanena mosapita m'mbali kuti Kiy si kalonga, koma chonyamulira. Ikufotokozanso kuti iye anali wothandizira nyama.

Mbiriyi imagwirizananso ntchito za Kiy kwa nthawi yake - zaka 854. Koma olemba mbiri ambiri amakhulupirira kuti ngati alipo, anakhalako kale kwambiri. Ndipotu, zaka 28 zokha, Kiev anagwidwa ndi wolamulira wa Novgorod, Oleg. Prince Kyi anali kupeza Kiev pasanathe mapeto a zaka za VIII. Kotero, mulimonsemo, ankaganiza wolemba mbiri wotchuka wa Soviet Mikhail Nikolayevich Tikhomirov.

Mbiri ya ku Poland ya Jan Dlugosz

Cue sikunatchulidwe kokha m'mabuku apakhomo, komanso m'mabuku a mayiko ena. Mwachitsanzo, kunena za iye kuli m'nkhani ya ku Poland ya m'ma 1500 ndi Jan Dlugosz. Komabe, Dlugosz, ponena za Kie, inadalira makamaka mabuku onse ofanana a Russia, omwe tinalankhula pamwamba, kotero kuti uthenga wake ndi wachiwiri.

Ndiye Kiy akuyimira bwanji mu mbiriyi? Kalonga amatchulidwa kokha pa zomwe zimatchedwa kholo la mafumu, omwe amalamulira ku Kiev mpaka abale a Askold ndi Dir. Koma "The Tale of Bygone Years" akuganiza kuti otsalirawo si ana a Kiya, koma a Varangi. Komanso, Aarabu Mbiri ndi akatswiri ena a mbiri yakale ambiri amakayikira kuti Askold ndi Dir akhoza kulamulira nthawi imodzimodzi, powalingalira iwo monga bambo ndi mwana kapena anthu osagwirizana.

Kutanthauzira kwa Chi Armenian

Palinso nthano ku Armenia, yomwe imangotchula uthenga wochokera ku The Tale of Bygone Years, koma imagwira ntchito ndi maina ofanana. Iye anabwera kwa ife kupyolera mwa "Mbiri ya Taron" Zenob Gluck (pafupifupi VI-VIII zaka). Nthanoyi imanena za abale awiri amene anathawira ku Armenia. Anthu a ku Tsar a kuderalo anawapatsa mwayi ndipo adawapatsa malo, koma atatha zaka 15 anapha, ndipo katunduyo anawapereka kwa ana ake - Quar, Meltei ndi Horean. Mmodzi mwa abalewo anayambitsa mzindawo ndipo anautcha dzina lake. Pakati pa midzi yawo adayambitsa kachisi wachikunja.

M'maina a abale a Quar ndi Chorean, Kiy ndi Horeb akudziŵika mosavuta. Dzina la mzinda wa Quara ndi ofanana ndi Kiev. Nanga bwanji Melteem? Nkhani ndikuti dzina limeneli latembenuzidwa kuchokera ku Armenian monga "njoka". Mabaibulo omwewo kuchokera ku Slavoniki wakale ali ndi dzina lakuti Shchek.

Koma kodi nthano za Armenian ndi Slavic zimagwirizana motani? Pali malemba omwe amagwirizanitsidwa ndi nthano yakale ya Indo-European. Ikufotokozedwanso kuti anthu onsewa adalandira kuchokera kwa Asikuti.

Deta yamabwinja

Kodi mfundoyi ndi nthano bwanji poyerekeza ndi chidziwitso chenicheni chomwe chapezeka chifukwa cha kufukula kwa zinthu zakale? Ndipotu, nthano chabe, yomwe amatsimikiziridwa ndi akatswiri a zinthu zakale, imatha kunena za mbiri yakale.

Komabe, pali zofukulidwa pansi zomwe zimatsimikizira kukhalapo kwothetsa malo a Kiev amakono kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 5 AD. E. Choncho, mu 1982, mwambo wokondwerera zaka 1500 chiyambireni kukhazikitsidwa kwa Kiev. Pa nthawi ya kukhazikitsidwa, kunali pamalire a zikhalidwe zitatu zokumbidwa pansi: Kolochinskaya, Penkovo ndi Prague-Korczak. Mitundu yonse itatu ikulingaliridwa ndi akatswiri ambiri kuti akhale Asilamu. Ngakhale kale, kuyambira m'zaka za II mpaka V, malo a tsogolo la Ukraine ndi chikhalidwe cha Kiev. Wotsatira wake mwamsanga ndiye chikhalidwe cha Kolochin chotchulidwa pamwambapa, ndipo chiyambi chake ndi Zarubinetskaya.

Koma akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale apeza zinyumba zokhazokha za Asilavo okhala m'zaka za zana lachisanu. Panalibe funso la mzinda wodzaza ndi anthu okhala ndi anthu osatha. Kuchokera m'zaka za zana la VIII tinganene motsimikiza kuti mzinda wodzaza kwathunthu unkaonekera pa malo a Kiev, okhala ndi mipanda yolimba kwambiri komanso mizinda ya moyo, mwachibadwa, ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Panthawiyi, kuyambira zaka za m'ma 8 mpaka 10, chikhalidwe cha Volyntsevo ndi anyezi-akovetskaya chinawoloka pamalo ano. Chikhalidwe cha Volyntsev chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mafuko a Asilavo a kumpoto, omwe anali ndi pakati pa Chernigov. Luka-Raykovets chikhalidwe chinali kupitiliza chikhalidwe cha Korczak, ndipo mwina chikugwirizana ndi mafuko a glades, omwe adayambitsa Kiev, malinga ndi chiphunzitso chovomerezedwa ndi akatswiri ambiri a mbiri yakale. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti oimira Volyntsi chikhalidwe adakankha oyandikana nawo kumadzulo.

Mu 1908, katswiri wodziwika bwino wa akatswiri a zamatabwinja a Khvoika V. V. pamapiri a Starokievo anapeza zovuta, zomwe iye mwini adamasulira monga guwa lachikunja la Prince Kia. Pafupi ndi zomwe zapezazi zafika zaka za m'ma 800 mpaka 1000. Komabe, pamapeto pake ziganizo za Khvoyka zokhudzana ndi cholinga cha akatswiri ena anafunsidwa.

Kufunafuna choonadi m'mabwinja a Byzantine

Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, mu "Zaka Zakale za Bygone", ku Constantinople kunali Kiy. Kalonga analandiridwa ndi mfumu ya Byzantine. Choncho, ngati iyi si nthano ya wolemba mbiri kapena nthano chabe, izi zingathe kukhala chitsimikizo chabwino kuti mudziwe yemwe Kiy anali ndi nthawi yomwe iye amakhala.

Akatswiri ena a mbiriyakale a m'zaka zamakedzana anayesa kulumikiza chochitika ichi ndi uthenga wa Byzantine Nikifor Grigor, amene anakhalako zaka za m'ma 1400 ndi 1400. Malinga ndi iye, panthawi ya ulamuliro wa Mfumu Roma, Constantine Wamkulu m'zaka za m'ma IV, olamulira a mayiko osiyanasiyana anabwera kwa iye ku Constantinople. Pakati pawo, "wolamulira wa Russia" anatchulidwanso. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti uthenga uwu unatengedwa mozama kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages. M'buku lina la zilembo za XVIII, pogwiritsa ntchito chilembo cha Byzantine, chaka cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa Kiev - 334 kuchokera ku kubadwa kwa Khristu kunasonyezedwa.

Koma mwa njira yowonongeka, umboni wa Nikifor Grigor sulimbana ndi kutsutsidwa kulikonse. Panthawi ya ulamuliro wa Constantine Wamkulu, palibe Russia yemwe akanatha kukhala, koma Asilavo anali mafuko osiyana, osagwirizana ngakhale m'mawu ofanana. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mawu akuti "Rus" adawonekera kokha m'zaka za zana la IX, ndiko kuti, pambuyo pa zaka mazana asanu. Kuwonjezera apo, chochitika ichi sichinatchulidwe kwina kulikonse, ndipo Nikifor Grigora mwiniyo anakhalapo zaka 1000 pambuyo pake. Mwinamwake, pofuna kutsimikizira ukulu wa Constantine Wamkulu, adalemba uthenga uwu wonena za ambassy, kuika dzina la mayiko amakono a Nikifor.

Zowonjezereka ndi kuyesa kugwirizanitsa ulamuliro wa woyambitsa Kiev ndi nthawi ya Justinian I. Apa ndiye kuti munthu amakhala ndi yemwe Kiy angafanizidwe. Kalongayo anapita ku Constantinople. Mwina inali nkhondo, yomwe nthawi zambiri inkachitidwa ndi Asilavo a Antes Union. Mmodzi mwa iwo, Khilbudiy, anaikidwa kukhala mfumu ya bwanamkubwa m'chigawo cha Thrace. Akatswiri ena amakono amayerekezera Khilbudiya ndi Kiya. Kwenikweni mu "Zaka za Bygone Zaka" zimanenedwa kuti Kiy "adalandira ulemu waukulu kuchokera kwa tsar". Mawu akuti "ulemu" kwa Asilavo akale ankatanthauzanso kusintha kwa utumiki. Kotero Cue akanakhoza kutumikira Justinian monga federate kapena ngakhale kugwira ntchito mu gulu la Byzantine, monga momwe Hilbudiy anachitira. Kuwonjezera apo, magwero a Byzantine amasonyeza dzina la atate wa Khilbudiya - Samvatas. Mmodzi mwa mayina a Kiev anali ofanana.

Khilbudiy wakale anaphedwa mu 533 pa nkhondo ndi mtundu umodzi wa Asilavic.

Buku lina likufanizira Kiya ndi mtsogoleri wa Mabulgaria Kuber, amene anakhalako zaka zoyambirira za zaka za VII.

Baibulo la Khazar

Palinso lingaliro lakuti Kiy - kalonga wa Kiev - anali ndi Khazar kapena Magyar. Bukuli linayambitsidwa ndi wolemba mbiri wotchuka Vernadsky G. V. Anakhulupirira kuti Kiev inakhazikitsidwa mochedwa, osati 830 asanafike. Izi zinachitika pamene malire a Mphamvu ya Khazar anapita ku Dnieper. Malingana ndi malembawa, Kiy, Shchek ndi Khoryv anali a Khazars kapena atsogoleri a mafuko a Magyar potumikira a Khazars.

Dzina lakuti "Kiy" la Vernadsky linachokera ku liwu la Turkic, lomwe limatanthauza banking ya mtsinje. Kuwonjezera apo, mfumu ya Byzantine Constantine Porphyrogenitus imatcha Kiev Samvatas, ndipo, malinga ndi akatswiri a zilankhulo, izi zodziwika bwino ndizochokera ku Khazar.

Bwerani Nthawi

Ndiye kodi Kiy-Prince amakhala liti? Zaka za boma sizitchulidwa ndendende. Ngakhale zaka zomwe adalamulira, ngati analipodi, zimatchedwa zovuta kwambiri. Koma mungathe kufotokoza nthawi yowonjezera.

Malingana ndi maumboni osiyanasiyana ndi kutanthauzira, Kiy anakhala mu gawo kuyambira zaka za 4 mpaka 9. Komabe, ngati mumataya kwambiri kwambiri ndipo simungathe kutero, monga mwachitsanzo, umboni wa Nicephorus Grigor, timapeza nthawi ya zaka za VI mpaka VIII.

Zotsatira za asayansi

Akatswiri ambiri amasiku ano amaona kuti umunthu wa Kiy ndi wodabwitsa. Dzina lake amatanthauzira ngati eponym. Ndiko kuti, nthano yonena za Kie, malinga ndi sayansi ya maphunziro, idapangidwa kuti apereke tsatanetsatane wa dzina la mzindawo, yemwe chiyambi chake chinali choiwalika.

Komabe sindikufuna kukhulupirira muzinthu zosangalatsa komanso zosangalatsa, chifukwa nthanoyo ndi yosangalatsa kwambiri.

Kiy mu chikhalidwe chamakono

Pakali pano, Kiy akuonedwa kuti ndi woyera woyera wa likulu la Ukraine. Chikumbutso cha oyambitsa Kiev Kiyu, Shchek, Khoryv ndi Lybid chinakhazikitsidwa mu 1982, pofuna kulemekeza chikondwerero cha zaka 1500 za kukhazikitsidwa kwa mzindawo.

Mu 1980, buku la "Prince Kiy" linalembedwa. Ndilolemba pamakina a wolemba mabuku wa ku Ukraine Vladimir Malik.

Ki: mbiri ndi mbiri

M'nkhani ya Prince Kie ndi zovuta kwambiri kusiyanitsa nkhani yeniyeni ku nthano. Komanso, akatswiri ambiri a mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti wolamulirayu sanakhaleponso.

Komabe, pokhala maziko a mzinda wa Kiev, Kiy, kalonga yemwe dzina lake likuphatikizidwa mu nthano, idzakhala yosasunthika nthawi zonse ndi chifaniziro cha anthu ambiri.