Art. 421 wa Civil Code ndi ndemanga

Mwayi mu Art. 421 ya ufulu Civil Code la mgwirizano imakhudzanso mabungwe onse ndi anthu. Norma salola kukakamiza kuchita wotuluka, ngati amenewa udindo ndi kunawerengedwa kwa nkhani malinga ndi malamulo kapena mawu zaufulu za chifuniro anasonyeza kale. Taganizirani mfundo za Art. 421 Civil Code (ndi ndemanga).

Kulunjika ubale

Malinga ndi N. 2 tbsp. 421 wa Civil Code, munthu akhoza kulowa pangano, anapereka kapena ayi anapereka chifukwa malamulo ndi zina zochita normative. Malamulo yamasika pa mitundu ina ya Mapangano anauyamba zikalata zaboma sizikhudza. Zimenezi zikugwira ntchito ndi pangano, amene alibe maonekedwe kumatanthauza amanena. 3 tbsp. 421 wa Civil Code. lamulo limeneli, Komabe, sikuti kukusalani kuthekera ntchito chitsanzo cha lamulo kwa mtima munthu wa gulu ndikupeleka. zipani mwina lowani mgwilizano umene pali mfundo za mapangano osiyana, chinanena mu malamulo kapena zida zina (wosanganiza mgwirizano). ubale malamulo akuwuka mu Zikatero, malamulo okhazikika chifukwa mapangano, ndi zinthu zimene zagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ena sizibwera kwa chikhalidwe cha ndikupeleka kapena sanapezeke ndi ophunzira okha.

zinthu Features

Iwo akufotokozera Art. 421, 422 wa Civil Code. Mogwirizana ndi mlingo woyamba, zinthu zakonzedwa ndi mgwirizano wa gulu ndikupeleka. Kupatulapo ali pamene thunthu la kugula mgwirizano ndi zolamulidzwazo potsata mwambo kapena njira ina malamulo. malo Izi katunduyo. 422. Ngati zinthu ndikupeleka zimene mu ntchito wabwinobwino amene amaloledwa malinga ndi zimene ophunzira sanalemberetu ndi zina, iwo kukusalani ntchito zake. Maphwando ndi ufulu zopanga ndi zina yodziwika ndi kukhalapo mu izo. Ngati palibe mgwirizano amenewa, pa p. 4 Art. 421 wa Civil Code mmene iwowo anapereka ponseponse dispositive. Ngati zinthu si kumatanthauza mwina kapena ndi magulu, iwo apereka, malinga ndi mwambo applicable ubale anapatsidwa.

Art. 421 Civil Code (ndi ndemanga)

Ubale wa gulu la zolowa yapachiweniweni zochokera kulingana mwagwirizana malamulo. Part 1 Art. 421 wa Civil Code momveka bwino lino. Mu asapita wa nzika lilibe odalirika subordination wina ndi mnzake. Kuchita zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti mapeto a mgwirizano ndi mtima wa zikhalidwe zake ndi zaufulu m'chilengedwe kokha ndi zochokera zofuna za maphwando. Mfundo ufulu ubale contractual, potero kupanga chimodzi cha lamulo anayamba dera la chilamulo payekha. Ndi mu kufunika kwake umoyo ndi zachuma ndi mu mzere ndi kuzindikira kuti inviolability katundu aliyense.

Mawonetseredwe lenileni la chakudya cha

Malinga ndi malamulo N. 1 tbsp. 421 wa Civil Code la Chitaganya cha Russia, nzika za kulowa ndikupeleka, ufulu wosankha:

1. Kufunika kunena ndikupeleka. Iwo adzakhala kwathunthu kwawo popanda kukakamiza aliyense.
2. Chikhalidwe malamulo a pangano. Ophunzira okha malinga ndi zosowa zawo kudziwa chikhalidwe cha malonda ubwenzi.
3. The zili mgwirizano. Magulu ndi pangano mwagwirizana kukhazikitsa mawu ndi matanthauzo opindulitsa mgwirizano.

Komanso, ufulu wa mgwirizano angasonyezedwenso m'njira zina. Mwachitsanzo, malinga ndi lamulo, mamembala akhoza kutsirizitsa ndikupeleka mwa kanthawi atakambirana.

kukakamiza kupatulapo

Malinga ndi Art. 421 wa Civil Code, ophunzira magalimoto paokha kusankha kujowina ubwenzi kapena kuleka izo. Palibe maphwando adzakhala anakakamizika kuvomereza anthu kapena zinthu zina wawo. malamulo amalola mapeto amakakamizidwa a pangano, koma monga zosiyana lamulo. Izi zikachitika, mwachitsanzo, ngati udindo lolingana amaperekedwa malangizo kapena mwaufulu anatengera kale amanena. Art. 421 wa Civil Code amatanthauza kutha kwa nthawi yawo mchitidwe zokomera. Mu Soviet Union, udindo kulowa mapangano waperekedwa pa maziko a mapulani osiyanasiyana ndi zinthu zina zaboma. Choncho, m'munsi unali utamuchokera kuli siyana monga malonda.

Kuona chikhalidwe cha ubale

Art. 421 wa Civil Code amakhazikitsa lamanja la nkhani kusankha, mtundu wa pangano amaona. Iwo akhoza kulemba pangano monga Kwalamulidwa, ndi sanalemberetu chilamulo ndi malamulo ena. Last amatchedwa "akamuuze mgwirizano." Pa nthawi yomweyo, ndithudi, mgwirizano ayenera kukhala zotsutsana ndi chakudya cha malamulo alipo komanso kutsatira mfundo yofunika ya zolowa boma. Lamulo panopa si kukhazikitsa yeniyeni ndi zochuluka mndandanda wa mapangano. Enanso akuyenera kusintha mawu a ndikupeleka pansi pa mitundu ya mfundo kudziwika.

Zimenezi ndi zofunika kwambiri mu dongosolo la zachuma, pamene legalization zambiri lags kumbuyo zosowa za wothandizira chuma. Mwachitsanzo, ambiri a ankayendetsa kuti chichitike lero mu kuwombola yachilendo, kuphana katundu, osati milandu onse ndi prototypes akhazikitsidwa mu malamulo. Kuthekera kuti apereke pangano akamuuze amalola nzika za zolowa yapachiweniweni paokha kuthetsa mipata alipo mu malamulo akuwuka kwa zovuta ndi chitukuko mosalekeza ubale malonda.

wosanganiza mapangano

Iwo ayenera kukhala wosiyana Mapangano akamuuze. Otchedwa Mapangano wosanganiza amene pali zinthu za mapangano ena anauyamba malamulo ndi zina zolembedwa normative. Chotero, kuti wotuluka zimenezi, malamulo zosiyanasiyana zigawo zikuluzikulu zomwe unatengedwa nkhani. Mwachitsanzo, mu Art. 501 a Code la inakhazikitsa kuthekera kwa kalembera wa yolemba ntchito ndi kugulitsa pangano. Malinga ndi iye, wogula choyamba tiyenera kukhala lendi. Pamaso kugulitsa chinthu kuti zipani malamulo a pangano a. Pambuyo pa kusintha kwa lendi umwini malo idzagwiritsidwa ntchito zogulitsa.

pangano obwerawa imatengedwa crediting nkhani ya kubanki. Iye anapereka chifukwa Art. 850 Code. mgwirizano imeneyi ndi kutchedwa overdraft. Mu mawu a pangano, banki asabwezere makasitomala zonena za angongole mwa malire anakhazikitsa, ngakhale palibe ndalama nkhani kapena wambirimbiri, kuposa pa izo.

mokoma

malamulo sikupatsa vuto lililonse ndi pangano, amene adzakhale nawo mamembala, ndi okhazikika, ndi malamulo anakhazikitsa. Ngakhale kuti silidzachotsedwa osokonezeka mkati tanthauzo la item lachitatu. 421 wa Civil Code, idzagwira ntchito kuti mu magawo zogwirizana la malamulo a dzina lake mgwirizano. Zina za mawu a chikalata adzakhala imawunikidwa pa kugwilizana ndi ndime yoyamba ya Art. 8 wa Code.

pangano obwerawa ayenera siyanitsa ndi zovuta lapansi. Yotsirizira amafuna pamaso pa mitundu angapo osiyana zimenezi, mfundo za zimene zalembedwa ndi chikalata umodzi. Mwachitsanzo, mu mgwirizano okwanira mwina zinthu lino la inshuwalansi katundu, kayendedwe, kusunga, ndi zina zotero. Kupezeka kwa zinthu izi sikutanthauza chonse cha zimenezi zosiyanasiyana, koma sichichititsa zikamera wa akachita chinthu chimodzi chokha.

Kutanthauza malamulo dispositive

Mfundo zimenezi kawirikawiri zokwanira ntchito pa kayendetsedwe ka ubale contractual. malamulo Discretionary zinthu monga mavuto okha pamene magulu sakanakhoza kugwirizana pa nkhani inayake mu njira ina kapena musaikhulupirire kukusalani ntchito zawo monga mbali ya tagwirizana awo. Mbali yaikulu ya iwo ndi luso kudziwa kuthekera derogations ku malamulo omwe ali m'bukuli. Pa nkhani imeneyi, ntchito discretionary anayamba kuchita zinthu ngati njira ufulu ubale contractual. Malamulo amenewa, mwachitsanzo, akhoza akuphatikizapo malamulo kukwaniritsa kudzipereka (amapereka tsankho wosangalala, ikuchedwa, chigawo), Timeliness kuzindikira kuphedwa malo ndi zina zotero.

Ndipotu zinthu dispositive anaika mtundu wina wa nsonga kwa ophunzira mu ndikupeleka pa zinthu zina. luso logwiritsa ntchito mfundo izi kusowa zipani nditero pa mfundo zingapo chosowacho wa pangano. Terms amene anaika pa malo akuimira zosinthika mulingo woyenera wa chikhalidwe makamaka.

Kugwiritsa ntchito miyambo

Chakuti p. 5 nkhaniyo. luso logwiritsa ntchito makhalidwe amathandiza kuti mipata alipo mu malamulo. Chifukwa chakuti tili mu malingaliro lamulo la makhalidwe, osati mwachindunji anapereka m'chilamulo, ndipo anapanga palokha ndipo ankagwiritsa ntchito mu dera la malonda, kukhazikitsa kuchita amadziwikanso ankaona kusonyeza ufulu ubale contractual. Choncho, mwambo zenizeni amakhala zina (subsidiarity) gwero la malamulo. Amaona ngati akufuna contractual pamene ophunzira mu ndikupeleka si monenetsa anavomera kapena kuti mavuto, ndipo si anaika mu chakudya sanali kuvomerezedwa lamulo.

zoletsa

Iwo amatipeza anapereka m'munda wa nzika asapita malonda. Choyamba zili zonse pangano aliyense ayenera kukhala mosiyana malamulo kuvomerezedwa malamulo kapena zikalata zina malamulo, mwinamwake ndikupeleka zidzadziŵika monga null alionse. Nthawi zina, malamulo chifukwa cha chitukuko cha chitsanzo msika, amene sangathe liziyenda bwino kulibe awo. Mwachitsanzo, iwo anapereka kwa monopolists amene angathe kupewa kuuza mfundo za mapangano kuti counterparties, ntchito maudindo lake lalikulu alephera kuthetsa yotsiriza wosuta kwa Mlengi wina, kuti zosemphana ndi mfundo za mpikisano.

Matupi malamulo ntchito mabungwe a zachuma, akhoza kukhala osiyanasiyana anthu amene imvera ntchito yokakamiza, kudziwa tariffs kapena malire awo pa katundu chopangidwa.

Iwo tidzakambirana monga imposition oletsedwa wa counterparties mwachionekere sinali bwino kapena wosaganizira kukana / kulephera kunena mgwirizano. Zimenezi amatengedwa ngati kusonyezedwa kwa mpikisano kuponderezedwa.

Mugone Contractual lamulo pa nkhanza za ufulu, kuphatikizapo ufulu kulowa wotuluka. Iwo akhoza kuona ngati malire a. Ntchito lamulo loletsa izi yilungamitsidwa Mwachitsanzo, pa nthawi imene kosamalira banki, wokhala mbali ya pangano ngongole, kukakamiza makasitomala yakusatetezeka wambirimbiri kumawononga lithe pochedwetsa ndipo amafuna Kukwanilitsa kuchira ake, kunena za ufulu wa mgwirizanowo.