Boma: lingaliro ndi mitundu. Boma ndi boma kapangidwe

Kampani nthawi zonse ndi dongosolo zovuta ongokhala osiyanasiyana a anthu. Poyamba chinthu monga anthu, kulibe. Chifukwa anthu sanali ogwirizana dongosolo limodzi. Chibwenzi, onse wasintha kwambiri. Kampani si chifukwa cha ntchito pa dziko, komanso mbali yaikulu ya boma lililonse. Amafotokozera lotsirizali n'lofunika mwapadera. Komanso anthu onse, dziko chiyani siziwoneka nthawi yomweyo. chilengedwe awo anali yoyamba m'dera mafuko. Kukula pang'onopang'ono mapangidwe izi chikhalidwe wachititsa kufunika kukula, chimenenso, chinachitika. Dziko ano boma - kwenikweni nyumba chidwi. Ndipotu, ntchito ngati mbeta, mosalekeza komanso amadzisamalira-a-mtundu limagwirira kapena thupi. Komanso, mayiko si chogwirizana. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Chofunika kwambiri pa nkhani iyi ndi mawonekedwe a boma chipangizo. gulu limeneli limafotokoza zingapo "malo ulamuliro" aliyense dziko payekha. Pa mitundu chomwecho lero ambiri. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti nawo zonse za boma malinga ndi muyezo ichi, uyenera kuthandiza ndondomeko ya kafukufuku awo mwachindunji.

Lingaliro la boma

Kumene, mtundu wa boma, mfundo ndi mitundu imene Adzaperekedwa kenako m'nkhani ino, makamaka amadziwika dziko poyamba osiyana. Komabe, muyenera kumvetsa zimene yotsirizira gulu. State, kutenga nkhani zomwe ano asayansi m'dera lino, ndi chilli kwathunthu, amene wapatsidwa ulamuliro, ndipo ali mu dongosolo lake Kukwanilitsa ndi limagwirira. Komanso, aliyense dziko ali Kupititsa yake nkhanza.

Zizindikiro zikuluzikulu za boma

Poganizira mfundo dziko monga limagwirira mwayekha amatha kusiyanitsa mbali yake yaikulu. Pa maziko awo, boma akhoza kuwasiyanitsa ku nyumba zina za ndale komanso. Pali zambiri njira sayansi kuthana ndi mavuto amenewa. Koma n'zotheka kudziwa chiwerengero zizindikiro tingachipeze powerenga zomwe mayiko onse popanda yekha. Njirazi ndi monga:

1) gawo, ndi chuma;

2) boma makina ;

3) anthu;

4) ulamuliro.

Pankhaniyi, funso n'lakuti: zimene boma, mfundo ndi mitundu ya tikambirana kenako, chilamulira chikhalidwe ndi mfundo pano? Pankhaniyi, zonse ndi wosavuta. Zizindikiro - izi ndi zizindikiro zomwe zikuonetsa kuti kuli dziko. Choncho, asanayambe kuphunzira mwachindunji mawonekedwe a dziko ayenera kumvetsa ngati kapangidwe umoyo ndale palokha konse.

Boma ndi boma kapangidwe

dziko lililonse tinganene kuti ndi maudindo atatu, akuti:

- boma;

- boma;

- boma.

Woyamba magulu awiri kusonyeza mbali andale a ntchito za boma, ie, mphamvu ya zida kulamulira, demokalase cha ntchito zake, ndi zina zotero. N. Nawonso boma ndi gulu m'zigawozo dziko ndi ubwenzi pakati pa miyambo ya kapangidwe lonse. Pakati pa malo mpumulo boma kusanthula Kupititsa ndi khola kwambiri. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi kukhalapo kwa pali mfundo ziwiri zokha za gulu.

Tikumbukenso kuti asayansi ambiri amati kuli pafupi mitundu ubale wa ulamuliro ndi dongosolo boma. Malinga ndi iwo, gulu lomaliza ndiyo andale m'dziko. Koma, monga ife kumvetsa izo, mawu onena za polojekitiyi pa gawo la aliyense wa njira mwa boma kwambiri maganizo.

Mitundu ya mitundu ya boma

Ife poyamba ananena kuti pali awiri chachikulu mitundu ya kapangidwe Kupititsa a dziko. Kutalikirana kwa mitundu awa amapezeka pa maziko a kukhalapo kapena kusapezeka kwa ulamuliro mu nkhani payekha dongosolo lonse. Malinga ichi, pali zotsatirazi mitundu ya boma ya boma :

- losavuta mawonekedwe, womwenso boma unitary;

- mawonekedwe zovuta kuti ndi federated.

Tikumbukenso kuti dongosolo la boma akulingalira yekha anagonjera mitundu. Kugwirizana Interstate, mu nkhani iyi sakuikamo, ngakhale maufumu ambiri Commonwealth ndi nyumba zina zofanana zinthu zambiri zofanana ndi mtundu wa Kupititsa unit. Komanso, tatchulawa mitundu ndi zochitika zovuta osiyana. Iwo yodziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa makhalidwe ena, mitundu ndi chiwerengero cha zinthu zina.

Unitary dziko - lingaliro

Kupanga unitary mtundu boma mtundu wa chipangizo - losavuta ogwirizana dziko, zinthu Kupititsa amene alibe ufulu uliwonse. Pakali pano, dongosolo awa kwambiri mu dziko. Mfundo yofunika ndi kuti mosavuta kulamulidwa ndi khola. Mgwirizano ntchito mkati yofunika kwambiri ya boma unitary anapanga malo umodzi. M'mayiko ambiri masiku ano ali ndi maonekedwe malo.

Mbali yaikulu ya limati unitary

Pali katundu, sipangakhalenso wolemekezeka mawonekedwe mtundu chipangizo cha mtundu zatchulidwazi.

1. Mphamvu ya dziko ndi kuikapo maganizo m'manja mwa malo limodzi. Ie Kupititsa mayunitsi ndi kudziyimira pawokha nkhani iliyonse. chizindikiro Izi zimasonyeza mu utsogoleri wolowezana wa nthambi zonse za kasamalidwe.

2. Malamulo Dongosolo alinso mlingo chomwecho. Monga ulamuliro, zonsezi zifuma Constituion, ndilo maziko a mgwirizano uliwonse wa boma unitary a anthu.

3. M'mayiko unitary, pali nzika umodzi.

4. Chathetsa magawano ndi mwadzina. Linapangidwa yekha kuti magawowa ulamuliro.

5. dongosolo la ndalama, komanso nzika, nayenso wina.

Monga momwe taonera, mawonekedwe unitary a boma, mfundo ndi mitundu amene anapereka m'nkhani ndi wosuta-wochezeka kachitidwe kuti n'zosavuta zonse. Mfundo za mgwirizano mu nkhani iyi ndi ntchito yaikulu.

Mitundu ya mphamvu wamba

A mtundu unitary a boma si yofanana padziko lonse. Malinga ndi kukula kwa ufumu wolowezana wa ulamuliro kuli autonomies amatha kusiyanitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mayiko mu mtundu umodzi. Mwachitsanzo, malinga ndi kukhalapo kwa kudziyimira pawokha, asayansi kugawanitsa mayiko onse unitary pa zovuta kwambiri. M'mayiko Recent yodziwika ndi chakuti zikuchokera awo alibe mabungwe aliyense yoyenda yokha. Pa nthawi yomweyo pali limati imene kulibeko pa ntchitoyi-Kupititsa magawano. A mtundu zovuta chipangizo boma unitary adzatenge moyo yoyenda yokha, womwe anawagawa mitundu iwiri.

1. Chathetsa. kudziyimira pawokha amenewa, monga ulamuliro, anapanga mbiri yakale. Iwo ali mbali ya malire a boma amene wapatsidwa malire zina za "kanthu". Ndiko kuti, pa ndime ndi akuluakulu dziko Authority akhonza kumupatsa malangizo yake.

2. Kuwonjezera-Kupititsa kudziyimira pawokha - ndi "maphunziro popanda dziko." Nthawi zambiri imakhala ya anthu enieni fuko la dziko, omwe amafunika kudziwa adziwane mwini kulankhula ndi zofunika chikhalidwe.

Palinso gulu la limati unitary pa centralized ndi decentralized. Mbali yoyamba pali subordination mosamala zonse, popanda yekha, boma. Koma dziko decentralized yodziwika ndi mbali yofunika ya m'dera wodzilamulira mu nkhani za anthu a dera anapatsidwa kapena wagawo wina malo.

Federal mawonekedwe: Maganizo

Ife poyamba ananena kuti pali mitundu zovuta za bungwe m'zigawozo dziko. Anthu a lero ndi chitaganya. mawonekedwe chipangizo boma utsogoleri ndi dongosolo ongokhala mbali ndi palokha. Kuti ndi ena maphunziro m'dzikolo ndi ulamuliro malamulo ndi enieni. Kumene, ufulu wa mabungwe oterowo nkhawa mafunso onse, koma zochitika zawo zonse zawo. Pakali pano, ndi federations osachepera limati unitary. Mwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe a dongosolo Russian boma ndi chinthu feduro.

Zizindikiro za kufalitsidwa Kupititsa

Mtundu wa boma ndi Russian Federations. Komabe, osati dziko lathu amakhala ndi amenewa Kupititsa kugawa. Federations ndi lero India, USA, Canada ndi zina zotero. D. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti mumatsindikanso mbali yaikulu ya chitetezo cha malo.

1. Mutu wa yokonza mphamvu ya boma lagawidwa pakati pa onse a dziko ndi ziwalo yense payekha.

2. Akuluakulu onse analembedwa ziwiri gawo. Ndi cholinga chofuna dziko lonse ndi zigawo zake payekha, nkhani.

3. malamulo The Palinso misinkhu awiri. Chifukwa mayunitsi Kupititsa akuupereka kudziyimira pawokha ndale ndi malamulo.

4. M'mayiko ena, nzika ukhoza kukhala national ndi zotengera malingaliridwe. Ndiko kuti, ubale malamulo okhazikika pakati pa mwamuna ndi makamaka Kupititsa unit.

5. makhalidwe zofunikira asayansi amakhulupirira pamaso pa yamalamulo bicameral. nyumba imeneyi amaganizira zofuna za dziko lonse ndi zinthu payekha.

classifications federations

mawonekedwe a boma ndale, potengera miyambo ya ufulu wodzilamulira, si dongosolo homogeneous. Nthawi zambiri, n'zosatheka kusiyanitsa kwathunthu chitaganya chomwecho, koma kwenikweni m'kagulu. Pali classifications zikuluzikulu monga khalidwe makamaka. Pakali pano, mitundu yaikulu ya kugawikana zachokera za lamulo lalikhulu ladziko nkhani. Malinga amasulidwe:

- moyenera chitaganya imene nkhani zonse zimakhala zofanana;

- asymmetrical chitaganya yodziwika ndi lochitira a zanyengo malo.

mitundu ina wamba gulu la gulu pa maziko a mfundo choonera dziko. Mwachitsanzo, Pangano la chitaganya amabadwa ndi kaphatikizidwe wa mayunitsi Kupititsa ndi lamulo lalikhulu ladziko uka pamaziko a unitary dziko, omwe analipo kale.

Federation ku kuchoka bwino

Pali limati ndi zovuta dongosolo malo. Koma amakhala ndi chakuti nzika za dziko lino ndi mwayi kutuluka kapangidwe kake, ndiko anapatsidwa lamanja la secession. Amenewa "zofewa chitaganya" si chinthu nzeru. Mwachitsanzo, Soviet Union ankaona mwalamulo ku dzikolo. Koma lero, ndi "zofewa chitaganya" ndi Bosnia ndi Herzegovina. Komanso, Union of Russia ndi Belarus akuneneratu ndi kubadwanso boma anafotokoza.

Pomaliza

Choncho, m'nkhani ife tayesera kuti afotokoze chomwe mtundu wa boma. Concept ndi mitundu ya bungwe zikusonyeza chitukuko, komanso kufunika yapadera. Komanso, chitukuko mabungwe atsopano Kupititsa mu dziko kumabweretsa zamoyo mwapang'onopang'ono chodabwitsa malamulo. Choncho, ife tikhoza kutsatira kusintha mvetsetsa awo pa muzochitika zones za zochita za anthu.