Caliphate - ndichiyani? Arab Caliphate, mapangidwe ake ndi kuwonongeka. Mbiri ya Caliphate

Pakati pa dziko zipembedzo, wamng'ono ndi Islam, kubadwa kwa kutanthauza VII zaka chikugwirizana ndi dzina la mtumiki Muhammad, kuchita mmodzi. Imawalamulira mu Hadzhize - mu Western Arabia - gulu la okhulupirira anzathu unakhazikitsidwa. akupeza Komanso ndi Muslim a ku Arabiya, Iraq, Iran ndi maiko ena zinachititsa kuti zikamera wa caliphate Arab - wamphamvu Asian boma. Izo m'gulu m'mayiko osiyanasiyana anagonjetsa.

The Caliphate: ndichiyani?

Mawu "caliphate" mu Arabic ali ndi matanthauzo awiri. Ili ndi dzina la boma yaikulu analenga atamwalira Muhammad otsatira ake, ndipo mutu wa wolamulira wamkulu amene anali pansi pa ulamuliro wa dziko la caliphate lapansi. Pa kuli dziko la maphunziro, yodziwika ndi mkulu mlingo wa chitukuko cha sayansi ndi chikhalidwe, iye anapita mpaka mu mbiri monga Golden Age of Islam. Conventionally, amaona kuti malire a zaka 632-1258.

Pambuyo pa imfa ya Mneneri Muhammad mbiri ya Caliphate nthaŵi zitatu. Woyamba, umene unayamba mu 632, chifukwa chilengedwe cha Olungama Caliphate, mutu amene anali nayenso pokhapokhapo anayi, chilungamocho chochokera anapereka dzina kwa State angayendetsere iwo. Zaka za ulamuliro amalembedwa angapo a akupeza zikuluzikulu monga kulanda wa ku Arabiya, ndi Caucasus, ndi Levant, ndipo mbali yaikulu ya Africa North.

mikangano achipembedzo ndipo phindu Kupititsa

The zikamera wa Caliphate ndi yogwirizana chiyambi cha imfa ya Mneneri Muhammad mikangano za m'malo mwake. Chifukwa Kutsutsana ambiri wolamulira wamkulu ndi mtsogoleri achipembedzo anayamba mnzanu wapamtima tate wa Islam - Abu Bakrn al-Saddiq. Iye anayamba ulamuliro wake ndi nkhondo ampatuko amene anali atachoka kwa ziphunzitso za Mneneri Muhammad yomweyo pambuyo pa imfa yake ndipo anakhala otsatira a mneneri wonyenga Musailima. Zikwi makumi anayi a asilikali awo anagonjetsedwa ku Nkhondo ya Arkabe.

Tsatirani pokhapokhapo wolungama anapitiriza kugonjetsa ndi kukula madera kuwamvera. Otsiriza a iwo - Ali Ibn Abi Talib - anali poona chigawenga opanduka ku mzere waukulu wa Islam - ndi Kharijites. Ichi chinali mapeto a chisankho cha olamulira wapamwamba, ndi mphamvu anagwira mphamvu nakhala Caliph Muawiyah ine pa mapeto a moyo wake anasankha wolowa mwana wake, choncho boma anakhazikitsa cholowa ufumu - otchedwa Ummayah Caliphate. Ndi chiyani icho?

Watsopano, maonekedwe lachiwiri la Caliphate

Dzinali imeneyi ndi ya dziko Arab ayenera kuti Ummayah mafumu, amene anali mbadwa ya Muawiya I. mwana wake tinatengera mphamvu wapamwamba atate wake, ngakhale zambiri chakakhira malire a Caliphate, kupeza mokweza asilikali chigonjetso mu Afghanistan, kumpoto India ndi Caucasus. Asilikali ake walanda ngakhale gawo la Spain ndipo France.

Only mfumu Byzantine Lev Isavr ndi Chibugariya Khan Tervel chikanakhoza kumuletsa iye wogonjetsa chokhumudwitsacho ndi kutha kuwonjezeka malo. Europe ndi chipulumutso chathu ku Aluya alitcha makamaka kwa mkulu chabwino cha VIII m'ma Karlu Martelyu. Kutsogoleredwa ndi Frank asilikali anagonjetsa magulu a ankhondowo mu wotchuka nkhondo ya Poitiers.

The kukonzanso ndi maganizo a asilikali pa maziko mtendere

Chiyambi cha nthawi kugwirizana ndi Ummayah Caliphate, yodziwika ndi chakuti udindo wa Aarabu madera azikhala anali unflattering: moyo akufanana zikuchitika ku ndende ya asilikali, ili mu chikhalidwe apitirize tcheru. chifukwa anali changu achipembedzo kwambiri a m'modzi wa akulu a nthawi imeneyo Umar I. chifukwa cha iyeyo, Islam, anapeza mpingo zigawenga.

The zikamera wa Arab Caliphate wafunsira gulu ambiri asilikali akatswiri - anthu amene utakhala yekha anali kutenga nawo mbali mu ntchito imene kugonjetsa. Kuti chikumbumtima chawo si anamanganso njira yamtendere, iwo sankaloledwa kutenga dzikolo ndipo muyesetse amangokhala. Pofika kumapeto kwa ufumu wa chithunzi zasintha m'njira zambiri. Chiletsocho, ndipo anakhala nzika, ambiri ankhondo dzulo wa Islam anasankha moyo wa nzika wosalakwa.

Abbasid Caliphate

M'pomveka kunena kuti ngati pa wolungama Caliphate kwa atsogoleri ake onse, mphamvu za ndale mu tanthauzo lake anagwetsa chipembedzo, koma tsopano watenga malo lalikulu. Malinga ndi ukulu wake ndale ndi ukuyenda bwino chikhalidwe cha ulemerero kwambiri pa mbiri ya East mpake anapindula Abbasid caliphate.

Ndichiyani - amadziwa masiku awa ambiri Aslam. Chokumbukira iye lero kumalimbitsa mzimu wawo. Abbasids - ndi mafumu olamulira kuti anathandiza anthu ake Way lonse la mayiko waluntha. Ena mwa iwo anali ankhondo, zachuma, ndi connoisseurs woona ndi ogula la chisunzo.

Caliph - woyang'anira za olemba ndakatulo ndi akatswiri

Akukhulupirira kuti Caliphate Arab pansi Haaruna al-dzina lake Rashid - ndi mmodzi mwa oimira yowala ufumu wa kulamulira - wafika chimbuzi cha kulemera kwake. States uyu, anapita mpaka mu mbiri monga woyang'anira masikolala, olemba ndakatulo ndi. Komabe, kuthera yekha kwa kukula mwauzimu anawatsogolera ku boma, mtsogoleri anali woyang'anira zoipa ndi achabechabe mwamtheradi mkulu. Mwa njira, chifaniziro chake moyo imeneyi mu positi m'ma mndandanda wa nkhani yamakedzana "Chikwi ndi chimodzi usiku."

"M'badwo golide za chikhalidwe Arab" - ndi epithet kuti bwino oyenera kunadzetsa Haaruna al-dzina lake Rashid Caliphate. Kodi ndi akhoza kwathunthu bwino powerenga stratification wa Old Perisiya, India, Asuri, Babulo ndi mbali ya chikhalidwe cha Agiriki, zimene zinathandiza kuti chitukuko cha ganizo sayansi nthawi ya ulamuliro wa wophunzitsa East. Zonse zabwino kuti analengedwa ndi malingaliro kulenga ya dziko wakale, iye anatha kuphatikiza, kupanga izi penipeni pa Chiarabu. N'chifukwa chake mu moyo wathu wa tsiku ndi tsiku zikuphatikizapo akuti "chikhalidwe Arab", "Arab luso" ndi zina zotero.

Kukula kwa malonda

Mu yaikulu ndipo nthawi yomweyo analamula boma, lomwe ndi Abbasid caliphate, kwambiri adakula kufunika kwa mankhwala a maiko oyandikana. Ichi chinali chifukwa kuwonjezereka ambiri miyezo ya moyo. Mtendere pa asapita nthawi ndi anansi ake asiya kukhala nawo tsintho. Pang'ono ndi bwalo la ojambula zachuma anakula, ndipo izo zinafika ku mayiko ngakhale kuti ali chapatali ndithu. Zonsezi wapatsa kutsogolera kwa pofuna kukwaniritsa ntchito zamanja, luso panyanja.

Kugwa caliphate ndi

Mu theka lachiwiri la m'zaka IX, atamwalira Haaruna al-dzina lake Rashid, mu moyo ndale za njira Caliphate yoikidwiratu, zomwe zinachititsa kuti azingokhala ake. Ngakhale m'chaka 833 anali mu mphamvu wolamulira Mu'tasim Turkic anapanga asilikali olondera mfumu. Kwa zaka zambiri, iye anakhala wamphamvu zandale kuti pokhapokhapo kulamulira anabwera kwa iye pa ubwenzi ndi pafupifupi wataya ufulu wodzilamulira.

Kuti nthawi ili, ndi kukula kwa chikumbumtima dziko mwa atumiki Persian Caliphate, umene unali chifukwa chongotengeka maganizo awo Odzipatula chomwe pambuyo chinasinthidwa chifukwa spalling Iran. Azingokhala okwana caliphate ndi inapita patsogolo chifukwa kulekanitsidwa kwa kumadzulo kwa Egypt ndi Syria. The chifooke ulamuliro waukulu watipatsa mwayi kunena amanena ake ufulu wodzilamulira ndipo ambiri m'madera ena oyambirira ankalamulira.

Amayamba kuthamanga achipembedzo

Iwo anataya mphamvu zawo zakale kwa pokhapokhapo anayesa tipezekemo thandizo la atsogoleri achipembedzo ndi okhulupirika ntchito kukopa kwake pa misa. Olamulira, kuyambira Al-Mutawakkil (zaka 847), mzere waukulu ndale anapanga polimbana mitundu yonse dissent.

Boma wofooka kupeputsa ulamuliro wa boma, izo anayamba kuzunza yogwira chipembedzo ndi nthambi zonse za sayansi, kuphatikizapo masamu. Dziko wakhala likunena likumira kuphompho komwe obscurantism. Arab Caliphate ndi kuwola zake Chitsanzo chabwino mmene mmene opindulitsa sayansi ndi ufulu kuganiza ndi chitukuko cha boma, ndi mmene zimawononga kuchita zinthu.

Mapeto a nthawi ya Arab Caliphate

Mu X atumwi zochita za atsogoleri Turkey asilikali ndi emirs ku Mesopotamia kotero itakula kuti mphamvu pokhapokhapo woyamba wa Abbasid mafumu ku Baghdad inasanduka akalonga yaing'ono, chitonthozo yekha kuti adzapanga ena maudindo a kale. Moti, kuti wamukwezera ku Western Persian Shiite mafumu Buyid anasonkhanitsa ankhondo zokwanira analanda Baghdad ndipo kwenikweni malamulo kwa zaka zana, pamene olamulira mwadzina anali oimira Abbasids. Wamkulu manyazi chifukwa cha kunyada kwawo sakanakhoza kukhala.

Mu 1036 lonse la Asia yafika nthawi yovuta kwambiri - ndi Seljuk Turkey anayamba isanachitikepo pa nthawi ya ntchito aukali, omwe anakhala chifukwa cha chiwonongeko m'mayiko ambiri chitukuko Muslim. Mu 1055 iwo anagogoda kunja kwa Baghdad analamulira kumeneko Buyid ndi kukhazikika pa utsogoleri wawo. Koma mphamvu zawo zinatha ngati pa chiyambi cha XIII m'ma dera lonse la caliphate kamodzi wamphamvu Arab anagwidwa ndi magulu ambirimbiri a Genghis Khan. Asilikaliwa potsiriza anawononga chirichonse chimene zimatheka ndi chikhalidwe kum'mawa kwa atumwi m'mbuyomu. Arab Caliphate ndi azingokhala tsopano kokha masamba a mbiriyakale.