Ana a Catherine Wamkulu. The Board ndi moyo wa Catherine Wamkulu

Russian Mfumukazi Catherine Wachiwiri, amatchedwanso Wamkulu, analamulira ku 1762, chaka cha 1796-TH. kuyesetsa iye kwambiri anawonjezera Russian Ufumu, ali kwambiri bwino kasamalidwe dongosolo ndi mwamphamvu atsata malamulo a azungu, limatanthawuza kuti ndi ndondomeko ya kusintha maganizo Western ndi miyambo. Mu masiku a Catherine Russia Wamkulu wakhala dziko m'malo lalikulu. Izo zikhoza kupikisana ndi mphamvu zazikulu za Europe ndi Asia.

Childhood za tsogolo Mfumukazi kwambiri

Catherine II, wobadwa Sophia Friederike Auguste anabadwa pa April 21, 1729 kakang'ono German ukulu mu mzinda wa Stettin, Prussia (tsopano Shetsin, Poland). bambo ake Mkhristu August wa Anhalt-Zerbst anali kalonga wa umwini ting'onoting'ono ta. Asilikali ntchito anapanga pa Frederick William Yoyamba.

Mayi Catherine - Mfumukazi Elizaveta Golshteyn-Gottorp. makolo a mtsikanayo anali kuyembekeza maonekedwe a wolowa nyumba, choncho sanali kumusonyeza chikondi wapadera kwa mwana wake wamkazi. M'malo mwake, iwo amakhala nthawi ndi mphamvu zoyenera mwana wake William, amene, mwatsoka, anamwalira pa msinkhu wa zaka khumi ndi ziwiri.

Maphunziro ndi moyandikana ndi aboma ndi

Monga mwana, tsogolo Catherine Wachiwiri anali pafupi kwambiri aboma ake Babette. Kenako, Mfumukazi nthawi mwansangala za iye. atsikana ophunzira inkakhala maphunziro amenewo kuti iye anafunika pa zokhudzana ndi chiyambi. Ndi chipembedzo (Lutheran), mbiri, French, German ndipo ngakhale Russian, zomwe ndi zothandiza nthawi ina. Ndipo, ndithudi, nyimbo.

Choncho anakhala ali mwana Ekaterina Velikaya. Mwachidule kufotokoza zaka mongokhala panyumba, tikhoza kunena kuti palibe chachilendo ndi msungwana sizinakhalepo. Moyo kukula Catherine ankaoneka wotopetsa kwambiri, ndipo iye sanadziwe ndiye kuti kutsogolo kwake akuyembekezera ulendo zosangalatsa - ulendo m'mphepete kutali kumakhaliro.

Atafika ku Russia, kapena chiyambi cha moyo wabanja

Kamodzi Catherine atakula, mayi ake anawona mu kusuntha mwana wake kukutanthauza wapamwamba ndi kusintha zinthu m'banja. Iye anali kwambiri achibale, ndipo anathandiza kuti musake mokwanira kwa mkwatibwi abwino. Pa nthawi yomweyo moyo Catherine Wamkulu anali wonyong'onya kuti iye anaona yayandikirayo. ukwati ndi njira zabwino kuti kuchoka m'manja mayi.

Catherine anali khumi, Mfumukazi Elizaveta Petrovna anam'pempha mu Russian, kotero iye akhoza kukhala mkazi wa wolowa ku Mpandowachifumu - Grand Duke Peter III. Iye anali mwana ndi obnoxious mnyamata wa sikisitini. Mwamsanga pamene iye anabwera kwa Russia, nthawi yomweyo anadwala ndi pleurisy, amene anatsala pang'ono kuphedwa ake.

Elizabeth anapulumuka zikomo magazi pafupipafupi, amene analimbikira Elizaveta Petrovna. Koma amayi ake anali ndi khalidwe limeneli, ndi chifukwa cha umene unagwa manyazi kwa Mfumukazi. Komabe, mwamsanga pamene Catherine anachira ndipo anatenga chikhulupiriro Orthodox, ngakhale mfundo atate wake - Lutheran chikulimbikitsa, anakwatiwa achinyamata kalonga. Ndipo ndi chipembedzo chatsopano iye analandira dzina lina - Katherine. Zochitika zonsezi zinachitika mu 1745, ndipo umo ndi momwe nkhani ya Catherine Wamkulu anayamba.

Zaka banja, kapena monga banja kusewera ndi asilikali chidole

Kukhala twente woyamba wa August membala wa m'banja lachifumu, Catherine anayamba kuvala mutu wa Mfumukazi. Koma banja lake kunapezeka kuti wosasangalala ndithu. Mwamuna wa Catherine Wamkulu anali mwana mnyamata, m'malo yocheza ndi mkazi wake, ankakonda kusewera ndi asilikali chidole. A Mfumukazi tsogolo zalowapo mwawo nokha mu pastimes zina, kuwerenga.

Werengerani Andrei Shuvalov, amene anali Chamberlain Catherine, ine ndinadziwa memoirist James Boswell, ndi Adamfotokozera n'kulemba wapamtima mfundo za moyo wa mfumu. Ena mwa mphekesera awa mfundo kuti posachedwapa atakwatira Petro adamtenga mbuye wake Elizabeti Vorontsova. Koma ndi Catherine pambuyo izo sizinali ngongole. Iye anawona timakhala ndi Sergei Saltykov, Grigoriem Orlovym, Stanislavom Ponyatovskim ndi ena.

Maonekedwe a nthawi yaitali wolowa

Panapita zaka zingapo pamaso pa mfumukazi tsogolo anabereka wolowa nyumba. Mwana wa Catherine Wamkulu, Paulo anabadwa pa makumi awiri September 1754. Bambo wa mwana wakhala mutu wa mtsutso wosatha. Pali asayansi ambiri amene amakhulupirira kuti Ndipotu awisi - osati mwamuna wake wa Catherine Wamkulu, ndi Sergei Saltykov - Russian fuko lomveka ndi membala wa bwalo. Ena amanena kuti mwanayo amawoneka ngati Peter, amene ndi atate wake.

Mulimonsemo, Catherine analibe nthawi woyamba wake, ndipo posakhalitsa Elizaveta Petrovna mbaenda analeredwera. Ngakhale kuti ukwati zinalephereka, si ndimachita aluntha ndi zinthu zandale Catherine. Bright mtsikana anapitiriza kuwerenga kwambiri, makamaka French. Ankakonda mabuku, masewero ndi ndakatulo, koma anali ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi ntchito za kanjedza akuluakulu a French Chenicheni monga Diderot, Voltaire ndi Montesquieu.

Posakhalitsa, Catherine woyembekezera mwana wachiwiri, Anna, amene adzakhala miyezi inayi yokha. Ana a Catherine Wamkulu, chifukwa cha mphekesera za chiwerewere wa mfumukazi tsogolo sanazichite Peter III wa chikondi. munthu akukayikira kuti iye anali bambo anabadwira. Kumene, Catherine anakana kutsatira atamunamizira mkazi ndipo ankakonda nthawi yambiri mu boudoir ake, kubisa khalidwe lake obnoxious.

Mu sitepe imodzi pa mpando wachifumu

Pambuyo pa imfa ya Mfumukazi Elizabeth, amene anafa December 25, 1761, mwamuna wa Catherine anakhala pa mpando wachifumu, anakhala Peter III, pamene Catherine yekha walandira mutu wa Mfumukazi. Koma banjali adakali moyo payokha. Mfumukazi analibe kanthu kochita ndi bolodi. Peter anali poyera nkhanza mkazi wake. Iye analamulira boma ndi mistresses awo.

Koma Ekaterina Velikaya anali mkazi wofuna kwambiri ndi luso lalikulu laluntha. Iye ankaganiza kuti nthawi zonse yemweyo adzadza kwa mphamvu ndipo adzalamulira Russia. Mosiyana ndi mwamuna wake Catherine anayesa okhulupirika kwa boma ndi chikhulupiriro Orthodox. Pamene iye molondola ankaganiza kuti anamuthandiza osati kutenga malo pa mpando wachifumu, komanso kuti akalandire thandizo kofunika anthu Russian.

Ciwembu mkazi wake

Patapita miyezi ingapo ulamuliro wake Peter wachitatu anakwanitsa kufika gulu la adani boma pakati pa asilikali makamaka atsogoleri a matchalitchi. Usiku wa pa June 28, 1762 Ekaterina Velikaya anali chiwembu ndi wokonda ake, Grigori Orlov, anasiya nyumba ndipo anapita kwa Izmailovo Regiment, amene analankhula asilikali ndi kulankhula mu anapempha kuti amuteteze kwa mkazi wake.

Choncho anapangidwa ciwembu Peter III. Wolamulira anakakamizika kulemba chikalata cha abdication, ndipo mu ulamuliro wa mwana Catherine Wamkulu Paulo. Pamene ndi Mfumukazi ayenera kukhala regent ndi msinkhu wake. Ndipo Petro posachedwapa atamangidwa ndi khosi ndi alonda ake. Mwina Ekaterina analamula kuchita umbanda, koma umboni wa cholakwa chake ayi.

maloto akwaniritsidwa

Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo ufumu wa Catherine Wamkulu. Mu zaka zoyambilira kulipira munthu pazipita nthawi kuonetsetsa kuuma udindo wake pa mpando wachifumu. Catherine ankadziwa kuti pali anthu amene amaona kuti ufumuyo amene anagwira dziko lina. Choncho amagwira ntchito mwayi pang'ono kuti atikonde anthu otchuka ndi asilikali.

Koma mfundo yachilendo, Catherine Wamkulu ankadziwa kuti Russia amafunika nthawi yaitali mtendere kuti azimvetsera nkhani za m'banja. Ndipo dziko izi zikhoza akamagwira mfundo mosamala yachilendo. Ndipo kuti muzikachita Ekaterina anasankha Werengerani Nikita Panin, amene anali bwino wodziwa nkhani za nkhani zakunja.

Kudzasokonezeka munthu moyo Catherine

Chithunzi cha Catherine Wamkulu akutionetsa wake monga mkazi wooneka bwino kwambiri, ndipo konse zosadabwitsa kuti moyo Mfumukazi yakhala yosiyanasiyana.

Catherine sanathe kukwatiwanso, chifukwa kuwononga malo ake.

Ofufuza ambiri, nkhani ya Catherine Wamkulu za anthu okonda khumi, nthawi zambiri anthu opereka mphatso zosiyanasiyana, ulemu ndi maudindo kuti azimukonda awo.

Okondedwa, kapena mmene kuonetsetsa akalamba

Pambuyo pa chibwenzi ndi Catherine mlangizi Grigoriem Aleksandrovichem Potemkinym itatha, monga izo zinachitika mu 1776, Mfumukazi anasankha munthu amene osati thupi kukongola, komanso nzeru zodabwitsa. Zinali Alexander Dmitriyev-Mamonov. anthu okonda Mfumukazi ndi mtundu kwambiri kwa iye, ndipo Ekaterina Velikaya wakhala apereke kwa iye, ngakhale pambuyo kugwirizana onse.

Mwachitsanzo, limodzi la anthu okonda ake - Peter Zavadovsky - nawo zikwi makumi asanu rubles, ndi penshioni osauka zikwi zisanu ndi zinai pambuyo ubwenzi wawo unatha (zinachitika 1777). Otsiriza okonda zambiri - Prince Zubov, amene anali wamng'ono kwa Mfumukazi kwa zaka makumi anayi.

Nanga bwanji za ana a Catherine Wamkulu? Kodi pakati okondedwa ambiri panalibe amene anapereka mwana wina wake? Kapena kodi Paulo anali mwana yekhayo ake?

Catherine Wamkulu, wobadwa kwa okondedwa Ana

Pamene Mfumukazi Elizaveta Petrovna anafa, Catherine anali miyezi isanu ndi umodzi pakati Grigory Orlov. Mwanayo anabadwa chinsinsi kwa onse April 11, 1762 mu lakutali nyumba yachifumu. ukwati wake ndi Peter III panthawi imeneyo anali inawonongedwa, ndipo nthawi zambiri sported pa bwalo ndi mbuye wake.

Catherine Chamberlain Basil Shkurin ndi mkazi wake anatenga mwanayo ku nyumba kwake. Catherine ulamuliro Wamkulu anayamba pamene mnyamatayo anali miyezi yochepa. Iwo anabwerera kunyumba yachifumu. Mwana anayamba kukhala ndi ubwana yachibadwa kuyang'aniridwa ndi makolo awo - Catherine ndi Gregory. Orlov anayamba ntchito mwana kuyesa kulikankhira Ekaterina ukwati.

Iye anaganiza yaitali kwambiri ndi zovuta, komabe anatenga Council Panina, amene ananena kuti Akazi Orlova konse analola kulamulira boma Russian. Ndipo Catherine sanayese n'komwe kukwatira Grigory Orlov. Pamene Alex anakhala mwana, iye anapita ku mayiko ena. Ulendo kwa zaka khumi. Nditabwerera ku Russia mwana monga mphatso kwa chuma cha mayi wake ndipo anayamba kuphunzira Woyera Cadet Corps.

Mphamvu ya okondedwa kwa zochitika za boma

Malinga ndi kafukufuku zina za mbiri yakale, kuchokera Poniatowski Mfumukazi anabereka mnyamata ndi msungwana, koma ana a Catherine Wamkulu ankakhala miyezi khumi zisanu ndi chimodzi. Iwo simunayambe anazindikira poyera. Ambiri okondedwa Catherine Wamkulu anachokera mabanja yodalirika ndi anamanga ntchito yapamwamba kwambiri ndale. Mwachitsanzo, Stanisław Poniatowski anakhala mfumu ya Poland mu 1764.

Koma palibe Catherine wokondedwa sanagwiritse ntchito udindo wawo monga kusonkhezera policy anthu. Kupatula Gregory Potemkin, Catherine Wamkulu ndi amene chikugwirizana mmene amakondera kwambiri. Akatswiri ambiri ngakhale amati ukwati chinsinsicho anamaliza pakati Mfumukazi ndi Potemkin mu 1774.

Ekaterina Velikaya, ulamuliro umene anabweretsa phindu kwa boma Russian, moyo wake anakhalabe mkazi wachikondi ndi wokondedwa.

Services Basic boma Russian

Ndipo ngakhale chikondi moyo Catherine inali mbali zofunika, malingaliro konse kuposa zofuna za ndale. Mfumukazi wakhala anayesetsa kuphunzira Chirasha kumlingo monga kuchotsa zofunika kuganizira chikhalidwe Russian ndi katswiri ulemu ndi ankaphunzira mbiri ya ufumuwo. Mbiri chithunzi cha Catherine Wamkulu zikusonyeza kuti anali mtsogoleri woyenera kwambiri.

Mu ulamuliro wake, Catherine anawonjezera malire a Russian Ufumu kum'mwera ndi kumadzulo pafupifupi 520 000 makilomita lalikulu. boma wakhala uzititsogolera mbali kum'mwera kum'mawa kwa Ulaya. zipambano ambiri kutsogolo asilikali analola Ufumu kuti tidzalowe Nyanja Black.

Komanso, mu 1768, pa Bank Assignation anali tasked ndi opereka boma loyamba pepala ndalama. mabungwe amenewa anatsegulidwa St. Petersburg ndi Moscow, ndipo kenako mu mizinda ina ya nthambi banki zinalengedwa.

Catherine tcheru kwambiri kwa maphunziro ndi maphunziro a achinyamata a amuna ndi akazi. Moscow Foundling Hospital linatsegulidwa, anakhazikitsa mfumukazi Smolny Institute for Noble Atsikana. Anaphunzira chiphunzitso maphunziro mchitidwe m'mayiko ena ndipo anayambitsa kusintha ambiri maphunziro. Ndipo anali Catherine anaika udindo kuyambitsanso ma Sukulu m'madera akuzigawo wa Russian Ufumu.

Mfumukazi zonse ankalimbikitsa zachikhalidwe cha dziko, komanso kusonyeza kukhulupirika kwa chikhulupiriro Orthodox ndi boma. Iwo amachita chidwi pazipita kupititsa patsogolo sukulu ndi kukula mphamvu zachuma. Koma amene akulamulira pambuyo Catherine Wamkulu? Amene anapita njira yake chitukuko cha boma?

m'masiku otsiriza a ulamuliro. wolowa N'zotheka mpandowachifumu

Kwa zaka zingapo, Catherine Wachiwiri anali wolamulira wachilengedwe boma Russian. Koma nthawi yonseyi iye anali pa ubwenzi silikuyenda bwino kwambiri ndi mwana wake - wolowa kuti Pavel. Mfumukazi ankadziwa kuti n'zosatheka kusamutsa mphamvu m'manja mwa mwana wake.

Ekaterina Velikaya, ulamuliro imene inatha mu mwezi wa November 1796, anaganiza m'malo mwake mdzukulu Alexander. Apa ndi pamene iye anawona wolamulira wam'tsogolo ndi mwansangala anam'chitira. Mfumukazi ankakonza mdzukulu wawoyo kuti ulamuliro wa amachita maphunziro ake. Komanso, iye anakwanitsa kukwatira Alexander, amene ankatanthauza akakula ndi luso kutenga mpando pa mpando wachifumu.

Ngakhale izi, atamwalira Catherine II mothandizidwa ndi wina zokhumba yachifumu, mwana wa Mfumukazi, Paulo woyamba adakwatira malo a wolowa ku Mpandowachifumu. Motero, iye amene akulamulira pambuyo Catherine Wamkulu kwa zaka zisanu zapitazo.