Chemical mchitidwe lata. Katundu ndi ntchito malata

Aliyense mchitidwe mankhwala dongosolo nthawi, ndipo anawaphunzitsa zinthu yosavuta zovuta ndi wapadera. Iwo ndi wapadera katundu, ndipo ambiri akupanga chopereka N'zoonekeratu kwambiri kuti moyo wa munthu ndi nzeru ambiri. Nazonso ndi mankhwala mchitidwe lata.

Chiyambi cha anthu zitsulo amabwerera kalekale. Izi amafotokozera mankhwala zatenganso mbali yofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha chitukuko anthu lero katundu malata ankagwiritsa ntchito.

Tin mu mbiri

Kutchula koyamba za zitsulo lino lomwe lili, monga anthu ankaganizira poyamba, ngakhale ena katundu zamatsenga angapezeke mu malemba a m'Baibulo. Ovuta chikusintha miyoyo ya malata ankasewera pa "mkuwa" atumwi. Pa nthawi imeneyo cholimba zitsulo aloyi kuti wogwidwa munthuyu anali amkuwa, munthu angathe kupeza mkuwa kuwonjezera mankhwala mchitidwe lata. Kwa zaka zingapo, nkhaniyi opangidwa chirichonse kuchokera zida kutsiriza ndi zodzikongoletsera lapansi.

Atapeza katundu wa aloyi chitsulo malata salinso ntchito, kumene amanena kuti muyezo wofanana, koma mkuwa, komanso kasakaniza wazitsulo zina zambiri zochitika lero munthu makampani luso, mankhwala, pamodzi ndi salt chitsulo, mwachitsanzo, monga mankhwala enaake tini, amene analandira mwa kuchita malata ndi chlorine, mafuta zithupsa pa madigiri 112 Celsius, bwino sungunuka m'madzi, ndipamene crystalline hydrates ndi fumes mu mlengalenga.

Mchitidwe malo mu Table nthawi ndi nthawi

Chemical mchitidwe malata (Latin dzina stannum - «stannum" olembedwa chizindikiro SN) Dmitriy Ivanovich Mendeleev molondola anakonza owerengedwa makumi asanu mu nyengo yachisanu. Ali isotopes zingapo, ambiri - ndi isotope 120. zitsulo Zimenezi ndi subgroups chachikulu cha gulu chimodzi, pamodzi ndi mpweya wa, pakachitsulo, germanium ndi Flerov. malo limaneneratu katundu amphoteric, mofanana chibadidwe malata ndi asidi, ndi makhalidwe amene adzakhala pansipa mwatsatanetsatane.

The nthawi ndi nthawi Table mulinso ndi kulemera atomiki malata, umene uli wofanana 118,69. ² pakompyuta kasinthidwe 5s 5p ² kuti zikuchokera zipangizo limalola zovuta zitsulo ali ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma la +2 ndi +4, kupereka ma elekitironi awiri okha tsa-sublayer kapena anayi ndi s- ndi p- kwathunthu kuchotsa lonse wosanjikiza akunja.

Pakompyuta mchitidwe khalidwe

Malinga ndi nambala atomiki maatomu malata danga perinuclear limapangidwa akulozera ma elekitironi makumi asanu, iwo imakonzedwa mu milingo asanu, womwe unagawanika mu angapo sublevels. Woyamba awiri ndi okhawo s- ndi tsa-boma misinkhu, komanso wachitatu pali zitatu akuwaza mu s-, p-, d-.

Taganizirani kunja elekitironi mlingo, popeza ndi kapangidwe ndi kudzaza ma elekitironi kudziwa ntchito mankhwala atomu. Mu unexcited boma mchitidwe akusonyeza ndi valence awiri, pali kusintha mu malemeredwe wa elekitironi kuchokera sublevel m-p okhala mpando boma wosanjikiza (amene anyamula munthu pazipita atatu unpaired elekitironi). Pankhaniyi, malata ndipo ali valence makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma - 4, kuyambira ma elekitironi palibe wophatikizidwa, motero mu njira ya mogwirizana mankhwala pa sublevels awo kanthu m'tsogolo.

Zambiri mankhwala zitsulo ndi katundu

Zambiri mankhwala malata ndi mtundu zitsulo siliva amatanthauza gulu fusible. Zitsulo zofewa, ndi mosavuta amenable kuti mapindikidwe. mbali zingapo chibadidwe cha chitsulo monga malata. Kutentha m'munsimu 13,2 madigiri Celsius ndi malire a kusintha zitsulo kusinthidwa malata ufa limodzi ndi kusintha kwa mtundu siliva woyera nkhani imvi, ndi kuchepa kwa osalimba. Tin chimasungunula pa madigiri 231,9 ndi zotupa pa madigiri 2270 Celsius. White crystalline tetragonal malata zitsulo kapangidwe anafotokoza pohrustyvanie khalidwe pamene kupinda ndi Kutentha m'malo mwa mikangano Kukweza mawu galasi mankhwala ndi mnzake. Gray malata ali syngony kiyubiki.

katundu mankhwala malata ndi chofunikira wapawiri, chimatilowetsa onse acidic ndi zofunika anachita, kusonyeza amphoteric. Zitsulo amachitira ndi alkalis, ndi zidulo monga sulfuric acid nitric, umagwira ntchito zimene ndi halogen lapansi.

kasakaniza wazitsulo malata

Chifukwa kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa kasakaniza wazitsulo koyera zitsulo ndi kuchuluka ena a zigawo zikuluzikulu constituent? Popeza kuti katundu kwake aloyi, amene alibe zitsulo munthu, kapena katundu awa kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, madutsidwe, kukana kuti dzimbiri, passivation kapena kutsegula ya maonekedwe ndi mankhwala zitsulo, ngati n'koyenera etc). Tin (chithunzi chikusonyeza nyemba zitsulo oyera) ndi mbali ya kasakaniza wazitsulo ambiri. Thiabendazole angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zowonjezera kapena m'munsi zakuthupi.

Pakali pano, wambirimbiri ndi aloyi zitsulo, tini (mtengo iwo zimasiyana), yang'anani wotchuka kwambiri ndi ntchito (ntchito kasakaniza wazitsulo zina adzapita ku gawo loyenera). Ambiri, stannuma kasakaniza wazitsulo ndi makhalidwe awa: mkulu ductility, otsika mfundo kusungunuka, ndi kuuma ang'ono ndi mphamvu.

Zitsanzo za kasakaniza wazitsulo

• The aloyi malata ndi kutsogolera ndi ena dopants (antimony, mkuwa, cadmium, nthaka, siliva, indium) - otchedwa malata solder, kuchuluka kwa stannuma m'menemo katundu bwino mgwirizano ayenera kukhala 49-51 kapena peresenti 59-61. Mgwirizano mphamvu zipangitsa mapangidwe njira olimba malata ananamizira ndi pamalo zitsulo.
• Garth - ndi aloyi malata, kutsogolera ndi antimony - ndi maziko a inki typographical (ichi ndi chifukwa chake ali osavomerezeka kukulunga zakudya mu nyuzipepala, kuteteza ingress wa woipa osafunika zitsulo izi).
• Babbit - aloyi malata, kutsogolera mkuwa ndi antimony - amakhala ndi otsika mikangano, mkulu avale kukana.
• An aloyi wa indium-malata - zakuthupi fusible, amene chibadidwe refractoriness, kukana dzimbiri ndi mphamvu zazikulu.

The mankhwala ofunika kwambiri zachilengedwe

Tin ndipamene mndandanda wa mankhwala achilengedwe - ores. Zitsulo 24 mitundu pawiri mchere, zofunika kwambiri makampani ali tini okusayidi - cassiterite ndi magoli - Cu ₂ FeSnS _4. Tin anamwazikana matanthwe a pansi padziko, ndi mankhwala popangidwa ndi iwo, ali ndi magwero maginito. makampani wagwiritsa ntchito poliolovyannyh asidi mchere ndi malata silicates.

Tin ndi thupi

Chemical mchitidwe malata ndi kufufuza chinthu ku wokhutira kachulukidwe mu thupi la munthu. m'bulu waukulu ndi mu fupa minofu, kumene yachibadwa zitsulo zili facilitates chitukuko yake ndi chamoyo wonse wa dongosolo minofu ndi mafupa. Komanso mafupa, tini limafotokoza mu m'mimba thirakiti, mapapo, impso ndi mtima.

Nkofunika kudziwa kuti kudzikundikira kwambiri wa zitsulo chingayambitse poyizoni ambiri a thupi, ndi zambiri yaitali kukhudzana - ngakhale masinthidwe chowawa mbewu. Posachedwapa, vuto limeneli lili lofunika kwambiri, monga boma zachilengedwe za chilengedwe masamba kwambiri wolakalakika. Mkulu Mwina wa kuledzera ndi anthu malata a m'mizinda ndiponso padziko zigawo pafupi mafakitale. Mu kwambiri poizoni amapezeka ndi kudzikundikira mu mapapo malata salt, monga mankhwala enaake stannous, ndi ena. Pa nthawi yomweyo, kufufuza chinthu akusowa mwina hule ndi slowdown kukula, kumva imfa ndi tsitsi imfa.

ntchito

Zitsulo ndi malonda likupezeka zomera zambiri zitsulo ndi makampani. Izo zinabala mu mawonekedwe a ingots, ndodo, zonenepa waya, anodes zinthu zoyera ophweka monga malata. The mtengo ranges ku rubles 900 kwa 3000 pa kg.

Tin mu maonekedwe ake angwiro sikawirikawiri ntchito. kasakaniza wazitsulo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mankhwala - mchere. Tin solder ntchito mu nkhani ya mbali kogwirizana amene si poyera kuti kutentha ndi aakulu mawotchi katundu, zopangidwa aloyi zamkuwa, zitsulo, mkuwa, koma osavomerezeka chifukwa chopangidwa kuchokera zotayidwa kapena kasakaniza wazitsulo ake. The katundu ndi makhalidwe a kasakaniza wazitsulo malata yafotokozedwa mu gawo zogwirizana.

Solder ntchito tchipisi solder, imeneyi komanso abwino zochokera zitsulo kasakaniza wazitsulo monga malata. Photo chikusonyeza ndondomeko ya ntchito ndi aloyi malata-patsogolo. Ntchito mukhoza ntchito woonda kwambiri.

Chifukwa kukana ake okwezeka dzimbiri malata ndi ntchito kupanga chitsulo tinned (tinplate) - zitini zopangidwa chakudya. Mu mankhwala, makamaka mu mano, tini nawo pochita kumadzazidwa mano. Tin-yokutidwa Brownies mapaipi ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo ake amapangidwa mayendedwe. Kwambiri chopereka kwa nkhani imeneyi ndi okonza magetsi.

njira amadzimadzi ngati stannous salt, fluoroborates, sulphates ndi chlorides ntchito ngati electrolyte. Tin okusayidi - ndi glaze kwa ziwiya zadothi. Ndi oyamba mu pulasitiki ndipo angapange wa zotumphukira zosiyanasiyana za malata n'zotheka kuchepetsa flammability awo ndi kusakonda fumes zoipa.