Roketi tsoka: TOP-10. Chida kwambiri zinalephereka imalankhula m'mbiri ya astronautics

M'zaka XX, anthu amatha kupita chitsogolo kuposa mbiri yake yonse. Anali anatulukira ndi galimoto ndi sitima, magetsi poyera ndi mphamvu za nyukiliya, munthu anavula ndipo anawoloka chotchinga phokoso, anatulukira kompyuta, foni ndi zinthu zina zodabwitsa. Komabe, kupambana chachikulu cha anthu imatengedwa spacewalk. Pambuyo ndege Yu A. Gagarina, latsopano sayansi -. Danga kufufuza.

Komabe, moyo pamafunika malipiro onse. Ndipo Space si zosiyana. Kuulula zinsinsi za chilengedwe mazana a anthu olimba poika miyoyo yawo pachiswe. Atagwa ngozi pa zoyendera chida n'zotheka suona kwambiri.

Anadzipereka kwa tcheru chanu nkhaniyo. Iwo kuonetsa ena roketi ngozi (TOP), amawaona kuti loudest mu mbiri yonse ya kufufuza malo.

Kugwa kwa malo. Boris Volynov

Nkhani wotchuka roketi ngozi (TOP) kuyamba ndi mwambo umenewu. Zinali January 18, 1969. Mu masiku pang'ono, ife tinali woyamba bwino docking za "Soyuz-4" ndi "Soyuz-5". The gulu la "Soyuz-4" kale anabwerera. Boris Volynov kupita kumusi wina.

Mpaka nthawi disconnection mphindi zochepa chabe. Panali PHWA - kuwombera kuchokera Pyrocartridges mbadwa chipinda. Mwadzidzidzi chitseko kupita, monga ngati chivindikiro cha malata akhoza. Anakonza mbadwa inasanduka kugwa mosalongosoka.

Patatha mphindi 10 za zochitika lander anayamba mosintha zimayenda. Ndipo pa nthawi iyi ... Volynov anaganiza kuchita moyo Kuphunzira za zomwe zikuchitika. Izo zikhoza kukhala zofunika chombo, namtsata Iye. Masekondi 15, anangomulambalala pa nthaka kuwerenga, mphamvu zonse kuyesera mwanjira kusonkhezera zinthu.

Pa 90 Km from Lapansi kukonzanso kulowa kapisozi alibe m'madzi chachikulu. Iye anachotsa katundu owonjezera ndi ... kutenthedwa. Kamera anayamba kudzaza ndi utsi. Pa 10 Km ndi parachuti anatsegula, koma mizere wake anayamba kupindika. Pomaliza, izi zingachititse kungomanga ake. Koma chomalizachi sizinachitike. Kuluka mu madera osiyana, chipangizo liri pafupi pansi.

zofewa ankafika injini katundu ndi kuchedwa ndi. Nkhonyayo chinali cholimba kuti wokayenda pamwezi fractures a mizu ya mano chapamwamba.

Boris Volynov tidakocheza ndi mpaka mapeto a kutsegula parachuti, onse wapabanja, koma amoyo.

Yoipa. "Soyuz 18"

Zinali April 5, 1975. "Soyuz 18" anayamba tsiku limeneli kwa ngalawayo itafika kumzinda ndi "Salyut-4" yozungulira siteshoni. Pa bolodi anali woyendetsa-opita Vladimir Lazarev ndi Oleg Makarov.

pafupipafupi ngoziyo nkhondo Soviet anatsatira sayansi. Pansipa - yotero.

Mavuto anayamba kale lachiwiri 289th ndege, pamene timu ankayenera kupangidwa kwa injini chitsekere-kuchokera ku gawo lachiwiri. Chifukwa breakage ndinkakhala nalo kufanana kulandirana Yambitsaninso lamulo mchira gawo la gawo lachitatu.

Kulakwila kulekana masitepe ndondomeko zinachititsa kuti kasinthasintha wa. Pa masekondi 295 wa kunadzetsa "Alengeza" timu. ngalawayo wagawanika ndipo anapita. Pa ngozi ya mbadwa dongosolo kulamulira wataya lathu mu mlengalenga. Mwachidule, ndinayamba kusokoneza pamwamba ndi pansi, zomwe zinachititsa kuti ndimeyi ya malamulo pachithunzichi. Makamaka, m'malo kuchepetsa kuchulukana akutsatiridwa ndi kuchuluka kwake kwa 21,3 ga kuopseza anthu. Ndipo zimenezi ngakhale kuti zimamuchulukira pazipita pa masewero olimbitsa anali 15 g.

Ndi chombo anayamba kuchitika zinthu zoopsa. Yambani masomphenya kutha. Poyamba anali wakuda ndi woyera ndipo anakhala yopapatiza. Malinga ndi malangizo a madotolo chombo anayesetsa kukuwa mokweza. Komabe, kulira awo anali ofanana pang'ono kwa umunthu. Komabe, zinatha yochepa nthawi. A maminiti pang'ono anayamba kuchepa kuchulukana. Parachuti dongosolo wakhala adamulowetsa, ndipo makina ukupita mmwamba otsetsereka mmodzi wa Altai mapiri.

Chida "R-16". Tsoka Mitrofan Nedelina

Ngakhale maroketi ngozi pa Baikonur anali osowa, chifukwa iye spaceport anaonekera posachedwapa. Zinachitika October 24, 1960 ankaona zoopsa kwambiri m'mbiri ya astronautics.

Pa tsiku limenelo, pa Launch malo anali №41 ntchito pokonzekera kukhazikitsidwa kwa munthu intercontinental chida "R-16" mlengi Michael Yangelya. Patapita refueling wathunthu akatswiri anapeza cholakwika mu injini zokha. Zikatero amafuna mfulu kwathunthu kwa mafuta roketi, ndipo patapita kuti kuyamba kusaka. Komabe, imeneyi sachedwa chida Launch nthawi, imene ndithudi zachititsa kuti "chingwe" ku boma.

Kupewa mavuto amenewo, polimbana M. I. Nedelin analamula kuti athetse vuto roketi mwawathila. Anati - mwachita. Palibe ankayembekezera maroketi kugwa, ngozi pa basi kapena chinachake chonga izo. Chinthu munakhala ambiri akatswiri. Sam Marshall anaonera patsogolo kwa ntchito, atakhala chopondapo ochepa mamita dazeni kuchokera chida thupi. tsoka ukadali sayembezereka.

Komabe, zonse zinayenda bwino kusanachitike kulengeza tcheru 30 mphindi. Pa kukonzedwa zokha wagawo imapatsidwa mphamvu. Ndipo mwadzidzidzi kutsegula injini ya Gawo lachiwiri. Kuchokera pa mtunda wa zimaphulika amphamvu ndege ya moto mpweya. Anthu ambiri, kuphatikizapo ndekha, polimbana Mitrofan Nedelin, mphezi aphedwe. Ena ntchito mu rassypnuju anathamangira. Komabe, sikunali kotheka kuti tithawe: kamodzi angapo yomanga waya waminga anaonekera akuluakulu. anthu kumoto ukuphwera, kusiya kokha maphunziro a manambalawo, zidutswa za buckles charred lamba anasungunuka inde.

Akukhulupirira kuti Ronaldo anapha anthu 92 ndi kuvulaza 50. Pa polimbana M. Nedelina imapezeka nyenyezi za "Hero wa Soviet Union." Mlengi Michael Yangel pa nthawi ya ngozi analimbikitsidwa chitetezo cha bunker, amene anapulumutsa moyo wake.

Imfa ya "Union 11"

Pankhaniyi ali m'gulu mndandanda wa "roketi tsoka: TOP 10", choncho n'zosatheka zawozo.

Pansipa ndi tsokalo zinachitika June 30, 1971. Pa tsiku lino, chombo G. Dobrovolsky, Volkov ndi V. anyamata ntchito pa bolodi siteshoni yozungulira "Salyut-1" masiku 23, anabwerera ku nthaka. Okhala pa mipando yachifumu yawo ndi malamba chitetezo m'chiuno, anayamba kufufuza ntchito machitidwe adakwera. panalibe kupatuka ndi wapezeka.

Mu m'mlengalenga, "Union 11" mbadwa gawo analowa mu nthawi woikidwiratu. Kuwulura parachuti kuliika pa 9 Km from pamwamba, koma kulankhulana adalira sanabwere kuchokera. Radio mlongoti, sewn mu legeni yake, nthawi zambiri anakana ankafika, kotero MCC si tcheru. mavuto kotero nthawi zambiri limodzi ndi ngozi Soviet maroketi, koma izo sizinali amapha. 2 Mphindi pambuyo ankafika kwa kuthawa ngolo anthu anathamanga. Pa kugogoda pa khoma panalibe yankho. Chitseko, anapeza palibe zizindikiro za moyo wa chombo. Mwamsanga anatulutsa ndipo anayamba kuwatsitsimula. Kuyesa kutsitsimutsa adalira anapitiriza kuti pa ola, koma zotsatirapo osati zidapatsa - chombo anaphedwa.

Atafufuza anapeza kuti imfa ya ana athu inali chifukwa cha kutsegula wosaloleka mmodzi wa awatulutsira mpweya, amene ntchito inali zokwanira mpweya kuthamanga mkati mbadwa gawo. Iye mosintha anatsegula pa okwera pafupifupi 150 Km. Air anasiya kanyumba masekondi angapo.

Udindo wa matupi a chombo zikusonyeza kukhalapo kwa anayesetsa kufufuza ndi kuthetsa vutolo. Koma mu nkhungu, nadzaza kanyumba pambuyo depressurization, zinali zovuta kuchita. Pamene G. Dobrovolsky (pa kafukufuku wina, B. Patsaev) anapeza vavu poyera ndi ayesa kutseka izo, iye sanali kukhala ndi nthawi yokwanira. mpweya onse ali kale kunja.

"Soyuz-1". Imfa ya Vladimir Komarov

Pafupipafupi mivi tsoka Soviet Union anapitiriza ndi mphamvu yomweyo. Pano pali chitsanzo china.

"Soyuz-1" unayambitsidwa pa usiku wa April 23, 1967. Lotsatira m'mawa manyuzipepala onse a Soviet Union anakauza masamba kutsogolo, kuwayika iwo, kuwonjezera pa nkhani, zithunzi cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov. Tsiku lotsatira iwo anapezeka mu malo omwewo, koma atavala chimango maliro - cosmonaut anafa.

The Rise of "Soyuz-1" wakhala si amene anayambitsa censures. Launcher anabweretsa chombo mu kanjira popanda mavuto. Iwo anayamba ina. Chosakwanira kutsegula kwa kubwerera telemetry dongosolo mlongoti ndi kukana mwa dongosolo nyenyezi lathu linali laling'ono la iwo. Osati anatsegula chachiwiri dzuwa gulu - ndi pamene vuto liri. Kuyesa oyendetsa ndi gulu opaleshoni pa Sun zinalephereka, kwinakunso wawonongeka. Sitima inayamba kutaya mphamvu anaopseza uwonongedwe. Koma pamanja Komarov akanawathandiza sitima kuchoka kanjira ndi kuyamba kubzala.

ngozi m'chaka cha Km 9,5 kwa nthaka, pamene sensa analangiza kuti amasule parachuti. The "Soyuz-1" ndi atatu a iwo: utsi, nagawa ndi zofunika. Woyamba awiri anatuluka bwinobwino, ndipo wachitatu anali Anapitirizabe. The otsetsereka gawo anayamba sapota mofulumira. The wokayenda pamwezi waganiza yambitsa pa malo parachuti. Iye anabwera kuchokera chabwino, koma Kuwulura gulaye ake momuzungulira akulendewera kunja ananyema. Iwo kuzimitsa mzikiti.

Komarov anaphedwa nthawi yomweyo. Ku gawo amadza wasiya theka mita mu nthaka. Anatuluka moto suzimitsidwa yomweyo, kotero m'manda ku khoma Kremlin anangokhala charred zotsalira za wokayenda pamwezi.

Kugwa kwa chombo pa Plesetsk

April 23, 2015 TV Russian ndi achilendo ogulitsira ankakonda apakamwa analephera Launch ya roketi experimental. Tikumbukenso, mu atolankhani Western mawu monga "ngoziyo wina," "roketi kuphulika", "Plesetsk" Ife tinapita kupyola mauthenga onse. Komabe, iwo anaiwala chinthu chofunika. Ngozi zida Russia si monga pafupipafupi monga mu USSR. Kotero chinachitika ndi chiani?

Malinga ndi Russian boma utumiki atolankhani a m'dera Arkhangelsk, unayambitsidwa ku cosmodrome wa Plesetsk roketi experimental chinapezeka mwa 7 km ku PAD Launch. Monga akunenera misonkhano yapadera, powonekera anatengedwa mu chitukuko cha akatswiri poyeserapo. Kuopseza midzi yapafupi akusowa.

Roketi inagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonyeza kanjira ya mwezi ndi wokonzeka ndi kuyeza zida. Lamulo chida Mphamvu ya njira ananena kuti kanthu pa zimene zinachitikazo n'kuyamba ndipo sakudziwa kalikonse. Pambuyo zambiri anapezazo-inali kudziŵika kuti chipangizo ali mmodzi wa mabizinezi a makampani chitetezo, ndipo makamaka mbewu, amene wapanga, "yars" mivi ndi "Topol". Choncho atatu zonse zowonetseredwa ndi mawu monga "ngoziyo", "roketi kuphulika", "Plesetsk", akhoza ankaona choonadi posachedwapa.

Imfa musanakumane chiyambi. "Apollo 1"

Iwo likukhalira kuti mizinga osaitanidwa kumayambiriro kwa kuthamangitsa osati Soviet danga pulogalamu. Pansipa nkhani kwenikweni akhoza kukhala mpaka mapeto a zimenezi koma osati roketi anasangalala kwambiri.

dzina "Apollo 1» (Apollo-1) anatitumiza wakale positi facto analephera kukhazikitsidwa kwa Apollo ndi roketi Saturn IBA204. Zinali kukhala woyamba panali ndege. Ankafuna pa February 21, 1967. Komabe, pa January 27 pa mayesero pansi mu 34 Launch zovuta m'sitimayo munali moto waukulu, chifukwa cha zomwe oyendetsa lonse la V. Grissom, White ndi E. R. Chaffee anafa.

Monga chikhalidwe mu Apollo mndandanda zombo mpweya angwiro amawapopa opanikizika yafupika. ntchito zake wakonza osati amapulumutsa kulemera, komanso luso kuchepetsa pakhale moyo thandizo. Komanso, chosavuta ntchito spacewalk, chifukwa mu ndege kanyumba kuthamanga anali kukhala 0,3 yekha ATM. Komabe, pansi wotere angathe kubereka, choncho mpweya choyera kwambiri.

Pa nthawi imeneyo, akatswiri sanadziwe kuti mfundo zina pamene ntchito mpweya ndi flammable. Mmodzi wa anthu amenewa anali fastener zipi. M'malo mpweya chakhala gwero la nsakali ambiri. Mu nkhani iyi, moto zokwanira ndi chimodzi.

The moto kufalitsa kwa masekondi angapo chombo, kuwononga spacesuits chombo. Komanso, dongosolo zovuta sanalole adalira mwamsanga kutsegula zimaswa. Malinga ndi Commission, chombo anaphedwa pambuyo kota ya mphindi pambuyo kuoneka mphanvu ya.

Pambuyo moto, ndi zinakhazikitsa ndege pulogalamu anali inaimitsidwa, ndi 34 Launch zovuta ankaiphwasula. Pa sikelo olimba zolengeza.

A ntchito analephera "Apollo 13"

A ntchito analephera "Apollo 13" spacecraft (Apollo-13) ndi gawo la Ronaldo roketi. TOP sitingathe kuchita popanda izo. nkhani yake si bwino kapena choipa kwambiri kuposa m'mbuyomu ndipo wotsatira. Mwachidule, ndi osiyana.

Space yoyenda "Apollo 13" Atanyamuka ku padziko Lapansi April 11, 1970, kupulumutsa kumudzi anthu pa mwezi. Iwo anali piloted ndi Dzhim Lovell (kapitawo), Fred Heyz ndi John Suaygeyt. masiku awiri ndege zapita zambiri. Zonsezi zinayamba pa April 13. Koma tsiku watha. Imangokhala yokha kusakaniza ndi mafuta kuti tipeze mtembo wake. Ndipo kenako ...

Poyamba panali chinachita phokoso, kenako ngalawayo chinapululutsa kuphulika weniweni. Kunapezeka kuti adzaononga mmodzi wa akasinja ndi mpweya madzi. Pa galasi lakutsogolo chenjezo kuwala zitsulo. Kudzera wandiweyani galasi porthole chombo anaona ku utumiki gawo mu malo lotseguka ali ndege amphamvu mpweya. Kunapezeka kuti kuphulika anawononga thanki woyamba mpweya ndi kuonongeka chachiwiri. Ngakhale kuti anthu anayesetsa, sikunali kotheka kuti kukonza zowonongeka. Posachedwa chombo opanda madzi, magetsi ndi oxygen. Ndiye "anafa" mabatire mankhwala anaika mu gawo lamulo. Pofuna kutambasula ena nthawi zambiri, anaganiza kusuntha mu gawo mwezi. Koma kodi wotsatira?

MCC mutu wa American Dzhin Krants anaganiza kukuza "Apollo" pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya kukopa kwa mwezi. The chombo m'gulu mwezi injini gawo, koma Sitima inayamba atembenuza. Panatenga maola awiri kuti Jim Lovell, kuphunzira mmene akamagwiritsa chombo zinthu zatsopano ndi kuuika mu njira yolondola. Overflights wa Moon, "Apollo 13" anathamangira kwa Earth.

Pambuyo Zopatsa ambiri, wagwa chombo, anathira pansi m'dera anapatsidwa. Atatu anabwerera kunyumba wotopa, akunjenjemera ndipo sanali kugona munthu.

Tsoka "Challenger"

Mu 80s zakale m'ma Ngozi maroketi danga anathamangitsa astronautics America. Chitsanzo chimodzi ndi pansipa.

tsoka chinachitika January 28, 1986. Pa tsiku limeneli, anthu ambiri anasonkhana pa malo Launch Cape Canaveral, mu Florida (USA), tikhoza kuona ndi bwino thambo lalanje ndi woyera fireball. Zikuoneka pambuyo masekondi 73 pambuyo pa chiyambi, chifukwa cha kupanda zikayamba wa kusindikiza mphira pa accelerators olimba chakumene danga yoyenda "Challenger". The American danga pulogalamu wataya Francis Scobee, Michael Smith, Ronald McNair, Ellison Onizuka, Gregori Dzharvisa ndi Kristi Makoliff. Yotsirizira sanali katswiri wasayansi ya zakuthambo - anakakhala mphunzitsi pa sukulu ya sekondale, ndi Lenema. Iwo anali m'gulu la timu pa kuumirira a Ronald Reagan.

Usiku isanayambe mpweya Florida utakhazikika kuti -27 ° C. oyandikana nawo onse, kuphatikizapo alumikizana sitimayo, woziziritsidwa. Start kudzachitike, makamaka chifukwa chakuti anachenjeza mmodzi wa akatswiri a Rockwell, ndi udindo pa chiyambi. Komabe, iye sanamvere. chombo mosalekeza anamenyana ku imfa.

Pambuyo masekondi 16 pambuyo chiyambi cha yoyenda ya anachita wachisomo kasinthasintha ndi kwa mpweya kunja. Mwadzidzidzi, pakati pansi pa Sitima thanki ake mafuta anaonekera n'kuti kuwala. mphindi Patatha, mndandanda wa mabomba. chombo anathyola mu zidutswa ndi n'kugwera m'madzi. Onse chombo anaphedwa nthawi yomweyo.

Mawu "Challenger", "zida", "tsoka" limafotokoza zimene manyuzipepala American. Nation akulira maliro. Chitukuko cha pulogalamu danga anali inaimitsidwa kwa zaka zitatu. Komabe, kwathunthu akadali osati kutsekedwa.

Imfa ya "Columbia"

Ngoziyo "Columbia» (Columbia) ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri mu mbiri ya astronautics. Izo zinachitika February 1, 2003. Iwo amagwirizana osati ndi chiwerengero cha anthu amene anaphedwa pa nthawi yomweyo chombo, komanso chikoka zimene amagwiritsa ntchito pa chitukuko cha malo sayansi.

Yambani "Columbia" anali kulephereka kangapo. The ndege yoyamba zinakonzedwa May 11, 2000. Panali nthawi pamene iye anachotsedwa pa ndandanda ambiri, koma US Congress kulepheretsa. N'zoona ndege zinachitika patatha zaka zoposa ziwiri.

Choncho kuyamba. M'sitimayo ndi anakwera mkulu Rick Douglas Mwamuna, Pilot William C. McCool, akatswiri David M. Brown, Kalpana Chawla, Michael F. Anderson, Laurell B. Clark ndi Israeli wokayenda pamwezi Illan Ramon. Ine kuyamba kujambula makamera TV angapo. kusamalitsa amenewa amathandiza kwambiri kuganizira zolakwika zosiyanasiyana akapezeka. Ndi thandizo lawo, masekondi 82 ndege, ndipo zinalembedwa yaing'ono yowala chinthu, anagunda kumanzere phiko la yoyenda lapansi. Patapita kuti anali chidutswa cha thovu kuti anagunda kumanzere phiko la chombo, ndipo anakhomerera iye mu dzenje theka-mita. NASA imachitika zoyeserera sanaulule n'zotheka zotsatira zoipa, kotero ndege anapitiriza.

The chizindikiro choyamba anaona pamene ankafika ayendetsa 16 H 59 Mph, Washington. kuwerenga nthenda masensa kuthamanga onse anaona. Kulephera akuwachititsa kulankhulana osauka. Koma pa nthawi ino anayamba chiwonongeko cha alumikizana sitimayo. Iye anayamba kugwa kwa ndalama zosakwana miniti. chombo onse anaphedwa.

Ambiri chinsinsi chida masoka sizinachitike declassified. Pamene iwo ali lotseguka - sakudziwika. Koma chinachake inu mukudziwa. Kodi mumakonda motani?