Chiyambi cha agalu: mbiri ndi zochititsa chidwi

Mabwenzi anayi ali ndi mbali yofunikira pamoyo wathu. N'zovuta kulingalira mmene anthu akanakhalira popanda othandizira okhulupirika. Chiyambi cha agalu ndi funso, limene kulibe yankho limodzi. Pali ziwerengero zazikulu zowonjezereka, zowonjezera zoposa masauzande ndi zitsanzo za ma genetiki zakhala zikuchitika, koma funso likutseguka. Tiyeni tiyesetse kumvetsetsa zomwe zilipo ndikupeza chifukwa chake pafupi ndi kubwezeretsana kwa mabwenzi athu anayi, pali zinsinsi zambiri.

Chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko

Galu ndi nyama yamphongo yodyera. Malingana ndi chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko, m'nthawi yoyamba ya nyengo ya Paleogene - Paleocene (pafupifupi 50 miliyoni zaka zapitazo) kumeneko kale anali nyama zowonongeka, zomwe zija, zinagawidwa muwiri suborders: katata ndi pspos. Mmodzi mwa oyimilira oyamba a gawo lachiwiri akuwonedwa ngati nyama, ngati wopita patsogolo. Pambuyo powerenga mosamalitsa zamoyo zake zokha, zimatha kuganiza kuti zikuwoneka ngati galu: pakamwa kwambiri, phokoso lakuthwa, mitsempha yambiri, thupi lalitali. Patapita nthawi, gawo ili linagawidwa m'magulu atatu.

Gulu loyamba linaphatikizapo nthumwi za mbadwa zotsatizana, wachiwiri - banja la borofagi, ndi lachitatu - mmbulu. Ndiwo banja lomalizira komanso chiyambi cha agalu omwe ali ofanana, chifukwa, malingana ndi chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko, abwenzi athu aamuna anayi amachokera ku mimbulu.

Maganizo a Charles Darwin

Zolemba za Charles Darwin pa sitimayo "Beagle" zinamulola kuti apite ku mayiko osiyanasiyana. Iye, mofanana ndi wina aliyense, anaphunzira chiyambi cha agalu ndipo anayesa kuphunzira choonadi. Charles Darwin anayambitsa ndondomeko yokondweretsa, yomwe imakhalapo chifukwa chakuti mitundu ya agalu m'madera ena ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi oimira Wolk omwe amakhala kumeneko. Mwachitsanzo, kumadera amodzi galu woweta anali wofanana kwambiri ndi nkhandwe zomwe zimakhala pamalo amodzi, ndipo zina zimakhala mimbulu. Mitundu ya agalu yofanana ndi nyama zowonongeka zimakhala m'madera osiyanasiyana.

Motero, asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti chiyambi cha agalu ndi chifukwa chakuti m'kati mwa kuswana kosalamulirika, nyama zosiyanasiyana zinadutsa: nkhandwe, mimbulu, mimbulu, coyotes (popeza woimira aliyense ali ndi mayina 39 a chromosomes, akhoza kukhala ndi mbadwo wosakanizidwa). Chotsatira chake, mtundu uliwonse unali ndi zofananamo zofanana ndi izi kapena zamoyo, koma nthawi yomweyo zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi izo. Ndithudi, mitundu ina imakhala yofanana ndi nkhandwe, ndipo zina zimakhala mimbulu. Ndipo ngati kuwonjezera pa izi kusankha kosankhidwa ndi kupanga, ndiye, mwinamwake, chiyambi cha mitundu ya agalu imagwirizanitsidwa bwino ndi kudutsa kwa nyama za banja lomwelo.

Maganizo ena

Ngakhale kuti galu adakali kunena za mitundu ya Wolves, asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti linachokera ku "prasobaka". Zaka zoposa 30-40 miliyoni zapitazo kunali gulu lina la nyama zowonongeka, omwe ndi mbadwa ya mbanja. Pali malipoti akuti mu zofukula anapeza zotsalira za nyama zakale, zofanana ndi agalu. Komabe, palibe maziko a sayansi ndi umboni wa mfundo iyi.

Phenotype ya agalu ndi kubereketsa galu

Monga tafotokozera kale, mbiri ya chiyambi cha agalu sikumvetsetsedwa bwino. Ndi kovuta kunena ndi kulondola molondola, kuchokera kwa iwo omwe adachitika. Koma chidwi chochulukirapo chimakhala pa kusankha ndi kupanga. Pali pafupi mitundu mazana anayi ya agalu. Zimasiyana mu msinkhu wawo, kulemera kwake, mtundu wake, mawonekedwe a makutu ndi mchira ndi zina zambiri zolemba zapakhomo.

Mtundu wa ntchito, yomwe cholinga chake chachikulu ndi kuswana ndi kukonzanso mitundu ya galu, amatchedwa kubereka. Kusankha kusankhidwa makamaka ndi cholinga cha kuswana mtundu wina wa galu. Pali njira zitatu: kukongoletsa, kusaka ndi utumiki. Kwa aliyense, pali zofunika zina: kulemera, kutalika, mutu, nkhope, mphuno, ndi zina.

Zosangalatsa

Gulu laling'ono kwambiri la agalu ndilo Chihuahua. Mmodzi mwa oimira Bou-Boo akulemera 600 magalamu ndipo akuwonjezeka masentimita 10. Chuhuahua ndi nyama yokondana . Iwo ndi amanyazi, achidwi komanso osamala. Ndipo pano ndi galu wamkulu (mtundu wa Great Dane) - Zeus, ali ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 110 ndipo ndilemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 70. Galu wamkulu kwambiri wa agalu ndi okoma mtima komanso osewera kwambiri, koma kwa makamu okha. Oimira zamoyozi nthawi zambiri amaphunzitsidwa ngati alonda.

Chiyambi cha liwu lakuti "galu" lilinso ndi zinsinsi zambiri ndi zinsinsi. Mu Chirasha chinawonekera m'zaka za zana la 12. Pali mabaibulo ambiri okhudza chiyambi cha mawu. Wina amakhulupirira kuti linachokera ku "kobyak" ya Turkic, yomwe imamasulira kuti "nyama yowonongeka." M'kupita kwanthawi, Asilavo anasintha kukhala "galu" losavuta kumva. Zambiri za sayansi, zomwe asayansi monga Miller ndi Fasmer amakonda, ndizoti "galu" inachokera ku Iranian sabāka, yomwe imamasulira kuti "mwamsanga". Mpaka zaka za m'ma 1200 nyamayi idatchedwa "galu" kapena "holide". Ndipo n'zodabwitsa kuti "galu" amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa agalu ndi ubweya wambiri, koma "hodo", m'malo mwake, ndi mitundu yosalala.