Zokopa Newfoundland chilumba: history, nyengo

Dzina la chilumba cha Newfoundland ntchito yomasulira ku English amatanthauza "dziko latsopano zopezeka." Iwo lili North Atlantic, kuchokera kugombe la kum'mawa kwa Canada. The Khwalala yopapatiza ya Belle Ile alekanitsa izo kuchokera kumalire a kum'mwera kwa Labrador Peninsula, Newfoundland mu East ndi nyanja ya Atlantic, mu West - Gulf of St. Lawrence. Indian makolo anayamba kukhazikika mu ngakhale m'zaka za m'ma Ine, ndipo azungu - zaka khumi Atapeza America ndi Columbus. Koma iwo kapena ena sanathe kupambana, ndi chilumba nachobe chikuoneka choyambirira zakutchire, akupatsa anthu mbali yaing'ono ya m'madera awo ambiri.

The azungu loyamba

Pali umboni wotsimikizira kutsimikizira kuti chilumba cha Newfoundland zafikapo Norman Scandinavia m'zaka XI. Mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti sagas Chiayisilandiki zinali kuitanidwa kwake Wineland ndi Labrador Peninsula - Markland. Mwina m'nthano ndi chibwenzi, koma m'dera la chilumba cha Newfoundland, mabwinja a Norman m'midzi apulumutsidwa, amene ndi chikhomo m'deralo ndipo amatetezedwa ndi UNESCO ngati kuthetsa woyamba European mu Western lapansi.

Kale m'masiku amenewo malo sicinali anathawira: kuno anakhala makolo a Amwenye ndi Eskimos, amene Scandinavia nagula nazo malonda n'komwe za atulukira lawolawo. malungo anayamba ina.

M'badwo wa maulendo kwambiri

Izo sizikanati kulakwa kunena kuti chilumba cha Newfoundland ndi gombe la Labrador anatsegula mzimu losagonjetseka wodzilamulira kutumikira chidwi European. Mu theka lachiwiri la m'zaka XV anabwera mafashoni kupita ku India kudzera wamphamvu pakati mphamvu panopa EU Western lapansi. Choyamba ndinapita kufunafuna Columbus odziwika ndi anapeza kontinenti watsopano - ku Spain anapindula njuchi olemera.

Atadziwa bwino ngati zachitika Bristol amalonda anaganiza akonzekeretse ulendo wake - ndikuyembekeza kuwafika M'dziko, zonse zagolide ndi wamtengo wapatali zonunkhira, komabe atamwa kwambiri zolinga. Popeza palibe thandizo ndi boma, Henry VII la sakanatha zopezera Kuwonjezera madalitso English mfumu, ogwira sanathe popitilira ndi kuchuluka lonse.

Kupezeka kwa Newfoundland

Mu May 1497 ku Marina wa Bristol anachotseratu sitima analamula Chingerezi wofufuza chiyambi Italy John Cabot (Dzhovanni Kaboto), umenenso ndi lalikulu, napeza chilumba cha Newfoundland kwa azungu. chombo unkatchedwa "Mateyu", ndipo pa bolodi panali anthu 18 okha timu - zikuoneka pa zofunkha okonza sanali kuwerenga, ndi cholinga cha ulendo unali chabe mtunda reconnaissance. Nditakhala nyanja opitirira mwezi umodzi, Cabot anafika ku gombe la kumpoto kwa chilumba cha Newfoundland mu June 1497. Kuponda pansi ndi kulengeza icho chuma cha korona English, apaulendo linaposa m'mphepete anapeza nsomba wolemera Grand Banks, "akungoyendayenda" kuzungulira chilumba kwa mwezi umodzi, adabwerera m'mbuyo, ndipo kale August 6 anafika ku England.

Cabot anabweretsa chidwi monga wolimbikitsa: kukwaniritsa kosavomereza, ozizira, kanthu koma nsomba. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti mbiri ya apaulendo nthawi kuti sikukudziŵika chinsinsi - palibe wina anafuna kugawana nzeru amaopa zokhota a mpikisano. Choncho, umboni otsala yosowa kwambiri. Nditagwira Dzhon Kabot Labrador kapena ayi, sakudziwika bwinobwino.

mikangano Kupititsa

Mu nkhani imeneyi, British outdid Chipwitikizi: chilumba nalo dzina lake kuchokera Hoeyo Fernandes Lavrador ( «lavradore» - ndi mwini malo Chipwitikizi.). Mu 1501, Newfoundland anabwera m'dziko lake kutsogoleredwa ndi Gaspar Korterealem. Chipilala kuyenda panyanja ya akuyimabe pa chimodzi cha m'dera St. John, likulu la chigawo (mu 1965, fanolo anapereka kwa Chipwitikizi, nostalgic kwa apanyanja zakale kwambiri).

Kwa nthawi yaitali pa dera la chilumba cha Newfoundland kwambiri palibe amene ananena izo kunkakhala anthu mafuko zamakolo amwenye ndi Inuit, komanso kuyendera Chipwitikizi, Chifalansa, Irish ndi British. Iwo ankagulitsa ndi m'deralo, kupatsana apeze zikopa zake wapatali Beaver, otters, ndi nyama zina ubweya kubereka zikugwira nsomba ndi kusaka.

Kumapeto kwa XVI atumwi kum'mwera kumadzulo kwa zinsomba ankasakidwa ndi ndaweza France, ndipo mu North-East anali kuchita malonda ndi British. Kukhala chilumba languidly sanatsutse mayiko osiyanasiyana a ku Ulaya.

Mwini korona British

Mu 1701 mfumu Spanish anafa - wotsiriza wa Hapsburg mafumu. Ku Ulaya, nkhondo inabuka Kusinthana Spanish, adaziwa anakokera zaka 13 yaitali. Mu 1713, pansi pa mgwirizano wa Mtendere wa Utrecht, Newfoundland anapita ku UK.

Komabe, izi sizinali mapeto: Zaka Zisanu 'nkhondo (1756-1763), France, Spain ndi Britain anayamba kutsutsa dera wina ndi mzake, ndipo mu 1762 ku St. John wa anatenga Anglo-French nkhondo, amene anali kulamulidwa ndi a British kuposa potsiriza m'chitetezo ufulu wawo.

Umwini Canada Chitaganya

Kuyesa kuti akope chilumba ku dera ake a andale ndi azachuma anayamba Canada, Newfoundland koma anatenga izo opanda chidwi kwambiri. Mu 1869, mwatsatanetsatane kulowa Canada Chitaganya anakanidwa zenizeni. Kamodzi, mkulu wa London, ndi Labrador Peninsula anali linalanda kuti Newfoundland, Canada anapereka kuthandiza chitukuko cha madipoziti m'dera chitsulo, ndipo sanaloledwe: m'zilumba moyenerera ankakhulupirira kuti, kukhala chuma amadalira Chitaganya, n'kogwiritsa kutaya ulamuliro wawo. Komabe, chimene chidzakhale, zidzakhala.

Mu 30s mliri wa mavuto padziko lonse, zimene zinachititsa kuti kugwa kwa chuma cha chilumba cha Newfoundland. London anayambitsa "kunja makonzedwe", ntchito yapadera kudziwa za tsogolo la chilumba lisanalengedwe. Pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse chigamulo anatengedwa ndi muyika mumachitidwe. Mu 1948, malinga ndi zotsatira za referendum, ndi chilumba cha Newfoundland anali mmodzi wa maiko a Canada, omwe ali lero.

Population ndi nyengo

Pakali pano, anthu a m'dera lino ali anthu pafupifupi 500 zikwi. Popeza kuti dera la chilumbachi ndi za 111,39 zikwi sq. Km, anthu oposa wodzichepetsa. Midzi makamaka pa gombe, kuyambira nthawi yaitali asodzi anali njira yaikulu zofunika pamoyo wa m'deralo.

Kuli achinyezi kwa nthawi yaitali analengeza ufulu chilumba cha Newfoundland, nyengo imatengedwa "ozunguza" ngakhale British.

M'chilimwe kutentha Southeast si upambana 15 ° C, koma moyandikana ya Atlantic zimayambitsa nyengo ndi wofatsa - ndi kawirikawiri yozizira kuposa -4 ° C. Mu chakumadzulo akuthwa kutentha mode m'chilimwe ndi 25 ° C, ndipo m'nyengo yozizira frosts zidzachitika desyatigradusny.

Thandizo la magawo osiyana a Newfoundland ndi osiyana komanso. Mu West, ndi m'mapiri, lokwera m'dera Long manambala Mountains ndi gawo la Appalachia (kamodzi pa chilumba kugawanika kwa Africa mbiri isanayambe chifukwa cha m'khutu Geological tsoka). Mu malo chilumba cha Newfoundland, madzi ofunda ya Gulf Stream kukumana kuzizira Labrador Current. Zimenezi zimabweretsa mpweya kwambiri kwa chilumba (75-1500 mm). Chifukwa kugunda kwa utuluke madzi ndi mpweya wa kutentha osiyana ndi pafupifupi lachitatu, woyera fluffy mitambo zatenga chilumba cha Newfoundland. Photo swirling nkhungu, amene kuyang'ana kupyolera pa denga la St. Johns, n'zosadabwitsa amatikumbutsa zithunzi za ku "nkhungu" ndi Stephen King.

m'deralo

Kingovskie chilombo, mwamwayi, pa chisumbu sapezeka. Koma moyo kwathunthu nyama lapadziko akuchuluka chifukwa chakuti chigawo ichi mu Canada ndi tsiku, wamng'ono anakhudzidwa ndi mafakitale ndi. Ambiri mwa chilumba cha Newfoundland ali ndi nayonso primeval, madera akuluakulu ndi pfunde. Apa elks, zimbalangondo, bobcats, raccoons, Nkhandwe ziri ndi nyama zina zambiri. Indented ndi fjords ambiri ndi miyala coves gombe - paradaiso mbalame ndi nyama zam'madzi.

zokopa alendo

Mwayi kuyenda malo osafikiridwa kukopa mafani zambiri Eco-zokopa alendo. The National Park gros Morne National Park, anapeza chochuluka ovuta m'mphepete mwa nyanja zakutchire, kukongola kwa nyanja bwino phiri mathithi chipwirikiti cha mitsinje. Mabanki phompho mungasangalale yobwerera namkholowa ndi kusamuka buluu zinsomba.

Alendo akale Viking kuthetsa mumzindawo msewu wamkulu mu North America (oponya mavoti Street), zakale, odyera ndi masitolo kachikumbutso.

Apa panadza okonda masewera nsomba: madzi kumeneko akugwiritsabe teem nsomba, ngakhale kuti mwachangu kukolola pamlingo mafakitale pafupifupi kuyambira anapeza Chilumba cha Malawi. Losasamala khalidwe lokonda chuma wachibadwa pafupifupi imawonongeka dziko.

"Wapita Usodzi"

Grand Banks - malo osaya a 282,5 zikwi sq M.. Km, limene liri olemera "gawo" nsomba mu dziko. Kusalankhula Kugwira kwa zaka: m'zaka za m'ma XIX anthu kwa chilumba cha Newfoundland chawonjezeka 19 mpaka 220 zikwi chifukwa odzafuna malo, amene analota kuti nsomba ndi whaling.

Zachilengedwe ayamba kuwomba Alamu mwamsanga ndi 1970, koma miyezo wovuta boma la Canada watenga yekha mu 1992 ndipo anayambitsa moratorium ndi zausodzi. Pa nthawi imeneyi, nsomba trawlers pafupifupi maiko onse European ankasakidwa mavuto m'nyanja zikuluzikulu. moratorium akhudza chuma ndi moyo wa anthu. Mu nthawi yochepa pachilumba wasiya anthu oposa 60,000.

Ine ndinali kuyang'ana njira zina akulandira. Itakula migodi: pachilumbachi pali chitsulo, mkuwa, nthaka miyala. Mu zikawonongeka mafuta kubala zamkati mphero anatseguka, mayendedwe abwino kusiyana zokopa alendo. Popeza 2006, chiwerengero cha anthu yatoma kukula pontho, kusonyeza kuti ayambe chuma m'deralo.

Newfoundland - ndi chikondi

Choyamba pa kutchulidwa kwa Newfoundland n'loti chilumba ndi kukongola konse, ndi lalikulu bwino chikhalidwe galu amene kwawo amaona kuti dziko m'chipululumo. Kodi iwo kuchokera kuno, izo silidziŵika. Malinga ndi Baibulo lina, mtundu Kodi zotsatira za crossbreeding agalu ndi Amwenye Norman agalu. Malinga ndi mzake - nyama anabweretsa ku Ulaya ndipo panali thanthwe oimira amene zina amatchulidwa ndi mitundu zinthu lakutali pachilumbachi. Malinga ndi nthano wamba, wakuda shaggy galu - zotsatira za mwacikondi pakati galu ndi otter. N'chifukwa chake Newfoundland kwambiri kusambira, madzi, ndi madzi sangalowe ubweya, ndi wotchuka "mchira otter."

Akatswiri ena galu Komabe amati Poyamba miyala ziwiri pa chilumba. The choyamba - wamphamvu agalu wakuda, musati amasiyana Newfoundland ano. Iwo itagwiritsidwa kuti yaing'ono ngolo ziwiri matayala, ndipo iwo anagawira monga ngati galimoto. mtundu wina, St. John wa - ndi lodziwika bwino "agalu madzi", amene anasambira kwa maora, osadziwa mwatopa, anathandiza asodzi kukoka makoka ndi chimbalangondo alenje ndi anavulazidwa nyama. Akukhulupirira kuti agalu awa ndiwo akutoma kwa retrievers lero otchuka.

mwanjira ina, koma mphatso kwa anthu a chilumba cha Newfoundland chinthu chamtengo wapatali kuposa dayamondi la South Africa kapena Klondike golide. Kodi n'zotheka kuyerekeza mwala soulless kapena zitsulo ndi mokondwera ndi malo mnzanga amene ali zaka zambiri mokhulupirika akutumikira munthu?