Chiyani ndi katundu chiyani? Exporting ndi yoti m'mayiko monga India, China, Russia ndi Japan

malonda angatchedwe ndi stimulant amphamvu chitukuko zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha mayiko. Izi zimathandiza kuganizira specialization wa limati pa yopindulitsa kwambiri mafakitale awo komanso ulimi, pa maziko a luso ndalama zawo alipo, zachilengedwe anthu ndi. maziko ake ongolankhula ndi chiphunzitso cha ntchito poyerekeza linachokera mu XVIII atumwi English zachuma Davidom Rikkardo mu "Kufufuza mu Nature ndi Zoyambitsa wa Chuma of Nations."

Chuma cha padziko lonse chimathandiza osauka m'mayiko amakhazikika mu ulimi wa yosafuna ndipo kenako zimagulitsidwa katundu. Pankhaniyi tikulankhula za ubwino wachibale wa dziko lapansi, ndi kulola kuti mitundu ina ya mankhwala malonda lalikulu zedi ndi makhalidwe abwino.

Ndi ndalama posinthana yachilendo wolowa mayiko amatha m'malo okwera mtengo kwambiri kupangidwa wa imports ochokera m'mayiko ena. Chifukwa, amachepetsa mtengo okwana kupanga mu chuma dziko. Umutu ndi zaphindu zabwino udindo wa malonda pa chitukuko wochitachita wa zachuma. Tumizani ndi matanthauzo a dziko, chotero, ndi zina zogwirizana ndi chitukuko mofulumira dziko.

Akuti, boma mwina mwina chatsekedwa chuma kumene lonse zachuma zovuta zimangokolezera msika zoweta, ndi matanthauzo ndi katundu wa sanali sakupezeka kapena lotseguka. Monga momwe inu mukudziwa, ndi chuma umenewu m'dziko masiku ano kulibe mwangwiro mu chiphunzitso. Chuma chenicheni cha boma ndi lotseguka, pali yogwira malonda. Ichi chizathandiza chuma padziko lonse mokwanira mwayi pa gulu lonse za ntchito zimathandiza kuti nchito zake. ntchito yachilendo zachuma malamulo ndi boma kudziŵa wolowa amenewa ndi imports, zomwe Zimachititsa kukula kwa ndalama ya dziko, imathandizira sayansi ndi luso patsogolo.

Economy m'nyumba ndi panja

Pakati pa Waogula Zinthu Kunja yaikulu ndi atatu: US, Germany ndi China. nawo malonda ndi kokwanira. Ndi, motero, 14,2% 7.5%, 6.7%.

Ponena za ziyembekezo chitukuko cha malonda, tisaiwale chiyembekezo cha liwiro m'mayiko otukuka. Koma nthawi yomweyo padzakhala kukula kwa ntchito m'mayiko osauka. Padakali nawo malonda dziko ndi 34%, koma chikuyembekezeka awonjezere ake ndi 10%. Ndipo mu revitalization wa m'mayiko osauka malonda adzakhala ndi udindo chogwirika wa maiko CIS.

Kodi tanthauzo ndi katundu?

Tumizani kuyitana zogulitsa kwa omanga yachilendo ya katundu ntchito zawo kunja. Choncho, imports anatchula yobereka katundu kuchokera kunja ndi kampani akunja. ntchito yachilendo zachuma, ndicho imports ndi wolowa ikuchitika onse ndi boma lokha ndi mabungwe ake malonda.

Indicators la mlingo wa okhudzidwa boma malonda akunja ndi katundu ndi matanthauzo ake quotas. The katundu kuumba - chiŵerengero cha wolowa wa katundu ndiponso kuti GDP. tanthauzo lake zoonekeratu zachuma: kodi chiwerengero cha GDP ndi zimagulitsidwa. Mofananamo chimatanthauza inatha kuumba monga chiŵerengero cha imports ya katundu ndi ntchito kuti GDP. cholinga chake - kusonyeza gawo la imports mu mowa zoweta.

Choncho, quotas pamwamba kusonyeza zimene chiwerengero cha exporting ndi mayiko yoti zinthu zake zachuma.

Kuwonjezera phindu malire, osakhala mwiniwake kapena wolandira khalidwe la dziko la ntchito yachilendo zachuma amadziwika wina chizindikiro - malonda bwino. Izi kusiyana wolowa n'komwe imports. imports wa dziko akuimira kuchepekedwa ubwino kupanga katundu. Zogulitsa kunja Limanenanso kuti zinthu n'zosiyana, pamene kupanga katundu kuti ndizipange izo yosafuna ndi zingamuthandize.

Ngati kusiyana wolowa ndi imports ndi HIV, ndiye mmodzi ayankhula wa bwino zabwino malonda akunja pa nkhani zosiyana - choimira. Mphamvu kupanga angathe boma amasonyeza bwino zabwino zolowa malonda yachilendo. Monga tikuonera, muyezo wa imports dziko ndi zogulitsa kunja ndi chizindikiro chofunika cha malangizo a vuto la zachuma.

Kudzutsa Boma la katundu

Nthawi zambiri, boma adzatenge mtengo wa Kukwezeleza wolowa awo. Ankachita ndi mayiko ambiri kwa ubwino Waogula Zinthu Kunja msonkho, monga obwezeredwa VAT. Anatinso lofunika kwambiri katundu ang'onoang'ono a za ulimi. m'mayiko olemera osati pothandiza alimi wake, kupereka kungakupatseni kugula mankhwala onse ulimi. Popititsa wolowa wake - ndi vuto la boma.

Komanso akunja kuti apite patsogolo ndi mosasintha kumabweretsa kuchuluka imports. Wapakatikati kusinthitsa ndalama chida amapezeka kuno. Tumizani ang'onoang'ono mlingo wa ndalama mitundu, motero, kumakhaladi yopindulitsa kwambiri kugula kunja.

Kuti sakhala ndi tanthauzo ndi katundu?

Tikumbukenso kuti otaya katundu umalimbana m'mayiko kapena chifukwa masamu "vsploshnuyu" ndipo kupatulapo magulu ena:

- polumikizira katundu;

- wolowa kanthawi imports;

- kugula si anthu amene ali mu dziko kapena kugulitsidwa kwa anthu dziko lina;

- zogulitsa kapena kugula m'dziko chadzidzidzi ndi anthu amene sanali anthu;

- Katundu alendo.

Protectionism ndi dziko malonda

Ndi chofunikira kwambiri ku States ufulu wochita malonda lothandiza: kutulutsa mankhwala liyenera kukhala, kumene ndalama kupanga ali kochepa? Pa dzanja limodzi, njira imeneyi amachita kupereka Kugawilidwa kwanthaka mulingo woyenera chuma. Komanso, mpikisano ndi kukakamiza opanga kuti mofulumira kusintha luso lawo.

Komabe, Komano, free malonda si nthawi zonse kumabweretsa moyenera dziko chuma cha lililonse dziko. boma aliyense kuyesera mogwirizana kukhala makampani awo, ndi "sangathe" kupanga katundu wina. Zoonekeratu kufunika kwa mafakitale awo kuonetsetsa makampani chitetezo, chitukuko cha mafakitale latsopano, ntchito. Choncho, tikhoza kunena kuti boma nthawi zonse okhudza katundu ndi matanthauzo dongosolo.

Pali njira protectionist a "mwayi mtengo" mu mawonekedwe a quotas yokumba ndi ntchito zimathandiza kuti wokwera ndi imports mtengo opindulitsa. Chifukwa chakuti quotas ndi kuchuluka tariffs protectionist kulepheretsa zogwirizana chitukuko cha chuma dziko, sayenera kwambiri adatengedwa ndi iwo.

Komabe, mchitidwe "nkhondo malonda" akusonyeza wina, njira sanali tariff kuchepetsa imports: ndi malamulo oletsa malamulo, ulaliki nkani za mfundo khalidwe, potsiriza, utsogoleri malamulo dongosolo pulogalamuyo.

malamulo a za malonda za dziko

Malinga mlingo avareji tariffs inatha ndi kukaniza kachulukidwe pa dziko kusiyanitsa mitundu inayi ya malamulo a za malonda.

Lotseguka mfundo malonda wofanana ndi mlingo wa misonkho malonda, si upambana 10%, pakalibe zoletsa zolaula chiwerengero cha mankhwala kunja. Wongolerani malonda ndondomeko limafanana ndi mlingo wa ritelo tariffs wa 10-25%, komanso malamulo osakhala tariff pa katundu 10-25% ya unyinji wa uphungu. ndondomeko kutipanikiza amakhala ndi chidwi sanali tariff malonda chimango ndi ntchito - pa mlingo wa 25-40%. Ngati boma makamaka amafuna amaletsa tanthauzo chobalidwa, mu nkhani iyi, mlingo wopyola 40%.

Angaperekedwe chizindikiro malonda ndondomeko m'mayiko ambiri otukuka - kukula kulemera yake yeniyeni ndi chidwi ndi boma inatha ndi katundu ntchito.

Kodi mtundu wa malonda amasonyeza Russia?

chuma Russia ali apadera, lolunjika pa ulimi ndi katundu wa mafuta ndi gasi. Izi zimachitika chifukwa m'mayiko Western makamaka kufunika kwa mankhwala a makampani migodi. Kapangidwe panopa katundu ndi matanthauzo a Russia, ndithudi, si mapeto a dziko, iye anakakamizika - m'nthawi ya mavuto azachuma padziko lonse. Dziko lililonse wotere funsoli kumapangitsanso mpikisano awo padziko lonse.

"Lipenga khadi" wa Russia panthawi imeneyi basi mafuta ndi gasi. Kuyenera anazindikira choncho ndi chifukwa cha zotchinga kusalana, "alimbane" mayiko Western kwa katundu katundu wa zomangamanga. Choncho, dongosolo la zogulitsa kunja kwa mtundu umenewu, ngati icho chinali dziko m'mbuyo.

Pa nthawi yomweyo Russia ali m'dziko ndithu, mchere, mitengo zinthu chitukuko cha ulimi. Asilikali mafakitale zovuta amalenga mpikisano mu zida mayiko msika ndi zida za nkhondo. Pakali pano, Russia amasangalala limagwirira chitetezo kuti kusiyanitsa makampani ake ndi kuchepetsa kudalira ake chilengedwe malonda padziko lonse. Tumizani ndi matanthauzo la Chitaganya cha Russia, kuti adzakhala ndi kusintha kasinthidwe ake.

Pa 22.08.2012, Russia membala wa WTO. chifuniro Izi pamapeto pake kuti zina zomwe mwakonda mu mawonekedwe a kusintha kwa chiwerengero cha ntchito miyambo ndi quotas tariff. Russia ndi achilendo zolowa malonda January-June 2013 404 600 000 000 USD (kwa nthawi yomweyi mu 2012 - madola biliyoni 406.8) .. Imports anakwana madola biliyoni 150,5, pamene zogulitsa kunja - madola biliyoni 253,9.

Ngati timaika zambiri chifukwa cha chaka chonse 2013, theka lachiwiri la chaka kunapezeka kuti Russian ntchito malonda yachilendo zambiri sakhala ogwira kuposa poyamba. Mfundo yachiwiriyi zikupezeka mu kuchepa bwino zolowa malonda akunja ndi mochuluka monga 10,5%.

katundu Russia

Kulemera onse a wolowa Russian wa mafuta ndi mphamvu chuma mlandu za 74,9%. Chifukwa kuchepa wolowa mu chaka chatha chifukwa zifukwa zingapo. Russia ndi amagulitsa lalikulu la mafuta ndi gasi. Amadziwika kuti 75% ya mafuta ndi zimagulitsidwa ndi% 25 kupereka zovuta zachuma. Mafuta ndi mpweya - mankhwala, mtengo umene pansi kusinthasintha msika. Osati kokha kuti Urals mafuta zimagulitsidwa mu 2013, dziko la Russia utachepa mtengo wake, poyerekeza ndi chaka 2012 pa 2:39%, buku okwana zogulitsa kunja mafuta anatsika ndi 1.7%. Ananenanso eurozone mavuto ndi opanikiza njira WTO. ambiri kuchepa makhalidwe a malonda yachilendo chaka chatha anali limodzi ndi kuchepa mu kukula kwa GDP Russia kuchokera 3.4% mu 2012 kuti 1.3% mu chaka cha 2013. Mwa njira, mu dongosolo la GDP Russia wa mafuta ndi gasi mlandu 32-33%.

The gawo la zogulitsa kunja Russian makina ndi zipangizo ndi% 4.5 okha, zomwe si zogwirizana angathe makampani kapena mlingo wa sayansi. Pa nthawi yomweyo, cholowa cha gawo ili mu malonda dziko ndi mayiko olemera ndi 40%.

inatha Russia

Pa mfundo imeneyi mbiri Russia chifukwa chuma opunduka (zomwe chidafundidwa pamwamba) ali zoitanitsa makamaka yomalizidwa mankhwala.

Cholowa cha imports Russian makina ndi zipangizo m'mayiko CIS ndi 36,1%. Choncho kuchepetsa ndi kuchepekedwa kupanga yekha (gawo makina ndi zida GDP Russia mu 2013 ndi 3.5%). Chiŵerengero kunja zitsulo ndi zinthu zawo ndi 16.8%, mankhwala chakudya ndi zosakaniza kupanga awo - 12,5% mafuta - 7%, nsalu ndi nsapato - 7.2%, mankhwala makampani mankhwala - 7.5%.

Choncho, kupenda wa imports ndi zogulitsa kunja kwa Russia, ife zija za slowdown yokumba mu chitukuko mafakitale ndi chikhalidwe. N'zoonekeratu kuti gwero la vuto ili ndi bwalo la zinthu zotengera malingaliridwe a anthu ena.

malonda okhonda Japan

Economy Dziko la Kutuluka Sun - mmodzi wa ambiri otukuka ndi zazikulu mu dziko. Tumizani ndi matanthauzo a Japanese ndondomeko ndi kumatanthauza wamphamvu chuma. Izi boma la mphamvu zake mafakitale Panopo wachitatu mu dziko pambuyo United States ndi China. Mbali ya m'munsi gwelo la dziko zedi m'bungwe ndipo imayenera ntchito mphamvu ndiponso kusapezeka pafupifupi ya mchere dziko. Zimachititsa chilumbachi ndi mmene chilengedwe kuchepetsa kuthekera kuwonetsetsa kuti ulimi wa dziko pa mlingo wa 55% zosowa zake.

Dziko ndi chapatsogolo chitukuko Makina, zamagetsi, magalimoto ndi makina zomangamanga. Japan ali yaikulu nsomba zombo m'dzikoli.

Tiyeni tione mwachidule katundu ndi matanthauzo wa Japan. Kunja, monga ife kale, chakudya, mchere, zitsulo, utsi, mankhwala. Zimagulitsidwa zamagetsi, zamagetsi, magalimoto, magalimoto osiyana, Makina.

China monga chiwalo cha malonda

Pakali pano, China wasonyeza ndi mphamvu enviable. Lero ndi chuma wachiwiri dziko. Malinga ndi akatswiri, ndi PRC mu nthawi kuchokera 2015 mpaka 2020 likakugwereni United States, ndipo mpaka 2040 kukhala katatu wamphamvu kuposa Goliyati yapafupi. Resources, galimoto chuma Chinese lero ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito (kuphatikizapo aluso), pamaso pa mchere, dziko ndi ena.

Tumizani ndi matanthauzo a China lero anatsimikiza malamulo a dziko, wodziwika ndi khalidwe mafakitale. dziko lino lero - mtsogoleri mtheradi mu mafakitale zitsulo (zitsulo, nthaka, faifi tambala, molybdenum, vanadium), zipangizo banja (PC, ma TV, makina ochapira ndi makina osokera, ovens mayikirowevu, refrigerators, makamera mawotchi). Komanso, yopanga magalimoto chibwenzi, China wakhala atagonjetsedwa ku United States ndi Japan pamodzi. ali mwini "pakachitsulo Valley" ngakhale anamanga pafupi Beijing m'boma Haidian.

Kodi China ndi yoti? Technology, ntchito maphunziro, akatswiri, umaperekedwa ndi maiko otukuka, zipangizo zatsopano, mapulogalamu, ndi umisiri. Analysis wa wolowa China ndi imports zikutsimikizira imawonongeratu ndi bwino kwambiri njira zake zachuma. Zogulitsa kunja ndipo imports m'mayiko amenewa lero mphamvu kukula lamphamvu.

Tumizani ndi matanthauzo a Australia

Tumizani ndi matanthauzo a Australia ali limatchula zake. Chachisanu Africa, umene ndi umodzi unitary boma, ali m'dziko mphamvu ndi chuma ulimi Zimathandizanso kuti nyama, tirigu, ubweya. Koma nthawi yomweyo msika wa dziko lino pali kusowa kwa ntchito ndi ndalama.

Pa nthawi yomweyo Australia pa zochita mayiko msika ngati amagulitsa yogwira. Malinga ndi zomwe zaposachedwapa, pafupifupi 25% ya GDP wa dziko kuzindikira ngati katundu wa katundu. Australia wolowa wa ulimi (50%) ndi mankhwala migodi (25%).

The amagulitsa yaikulu ya Australia - Japan ndi importer yaikulu - US.

chuma Australia ali ankaona kuti kwambiri amadalira pa katundu. Kodi kubweretsa mu Africa wachisanu? 60% - makina ndi zipangizo, mchere, mankhwala chakudya.

Mbiri yakale, Australia ali oipa malonda malire Komabe, pang'onopang'ono amachepetsa. Tengani ndi katundu wa dziko kusiyana zonse ndi kukwera.

Tumizani ndi matanthauzo a India

India ali ndithu zandale ndiponso zachuma ndi chikoka mu Asia South. Dziko ndi lochita yogwira ntchito malonda akunja mu dziko msika. GDP mu 2012 wapangidwa thililiyoni 4,761 madola, ndilo 4 TH m'dziko! Buku la India ndi malonda akunja ndi chidwi: mu 90s zinali pafupifupi 16% ya GDP, tsopano - oposa 40%! Imports ndi zogulitsa kunja kwa India akukulira mofulumira. Ubwino wa boma gulu lonse za ntchito ndi chidwi anthu chuma, m'gawo lalikulu. Anthu oposa theka la anthu ntchito chinkhoswe mu ulimi, sate pa zana - mu gawo utumiki, 14% - makampani.

Agriculture ku India - gwero la wolowa a mpunga ndi tiyi tirigu (matani 200 miliyoni), khofi, zokometsera (matani 120 zikwi.). Komabe, ngati tasankha kulima mbewu zonse za ulimi dziko ndi kuyerekeza ndi mbewu ya India, ife tikupeza kuti ntchito ya nchito Indian ulimi kawiri m'munsi. Kuyenera anatsindika kuti mankhwala chakudya kubweretsa dziko lino wamkulu zasungidwa katundu.

India - ndi importer waukulu wa thonje, silika, nzimbe, mtedza.

mbali chidwi kwa wolowa Indian katundu nyama. Zinaoneka mphamvu ya maganizo dziko. Mu India - chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha ng'ombe dziko, koma wamng'ono mowa dziko la nyama, chifukwa pali ng'ombe ndi nyama yopatulika.

makampani nsalu amapereka ntchito kwa anthu 20 miliyoni mu India. Zogulitsa kunja India kupatula zovala, petrochemicals, miyala yamtengo wapatali, chitsulo ndi zitsulo, kayendedwe, mankhwala. Imports ya mafuta, miyala yamtengo wapatali, feteleza, makina.

English analola anthu ophunzira mu dziko lino kupeza kagawo kakang'ono wakewake mu IT munda ndi dongosolo. Tsopano zogulitsa kunja ndipo imports misonkhano mu gawo lino la chuma ndi chidwi ndi oposa 20% ya GDP India.

The Waogula Zinthu Kunja zikuluzikulu India ndi United States, United Arab Emirates, China. Tiitanitse nsalu yomweyo ku India, Arab Emirates United, China, Saudi Arabia.

Komanso, dziko lili ndi chidwi asilikali mafakitale zovuta, ndi zida za nyukiliya kuyambira 1974. Kugonjetsedwa kwa India malire mkangano okonda mtendere ndi China mu 1962 ndi Pakistan mu 1965 amakakamizidwa dziko zoitanitsa woyamba zida yogwira, ndikuonetsetsa anu. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, mu 1971, panatha chigonjetso wosatsutsika pa Pakistan. Pakati pa 90s, India akugwirizira ndale kwambiri mphamvu.

Pomaliza

Monga tikuonera m'nkhani ino, mayiko osiyanasiyana kusankha zinthu wawo ndiponso mphamvu lokhalamo zikuchokera wolowa ndi imports.

Tikumbukenso kuti m'masiku awa kunawerengedwa Keynes zogwirizana chiwembu cha ufulu malonda zambiri opunduka limati. Boma la mayiko osiyanasiyana pa mlingo wa ake mfundo zachuma ndi zimayesetsa kulengeza wolowa m'banja. Ndipo nthawi mpikisano uwu kwa asonkhezere ndi njira chipangizo amatikumbutsa nkhondo. Amene agonjetsa izo? Dziko limene limatulutsa mabuku akuluakulu a mafakitale. Choncho, chuma kunena lero za remake mfundo mafakitale.

Funso: "Kodi ndi njira yochezera dziko lero" Kodi kwenikweni vuto zazikulu za citukuko yotsatira: kupulumutsa nkhokwe zake kuwombola yachilendo, dziko akufuna kudzapeza wolowa Kuchepetsa imports ake mwa ndalama ndi katundu. Kuti tichite zimenezi, iye amayesetsa kusintha zinthu m'tsogolo kunyamula chiopsezo cha kuchepa kwa ndalama ndalama zakunja. Kodi ndi zifukwa ziti? Kusinthana mitengo, mitengo malonda a mafuta, mafuta, kufunika zotanuka kwambiri. Chiyambi cha m'ma XXI wasiya chizindikiro chake pa chinthu dziko la malonda. Buku okwana ntchito katundu-inatha, nawo kwambiri (pa 30%) ndi kuchita malonda mu misonkhano.