Mapuloteni zovuta: khama zikuchokera, dongosolo, dongosolo, ntchito, gulu ndi mapangidwe. kusiyana kumodzi mapuloteni ochokera zovuta ziti?

A mapuloteni zovuta, kupatula mapuloteni chigawo yokha limapangidwa ndi gulu zina za chikhalidwe chosiyana (apulasitiki). Monga chigawo ichi ndi chakudya, lipids, zitsulo, zatsalira kwa phosphoric asidi, asidi mkati. ndi kusiyana mapuloteni losavuta zovuta zimene yonse ya anagawa zinthu zimenezi n'chiyani, ndipo kodi makhalidwe awo, nkhaniyi idzafotokoza. Chachikulu kusiyana pakati pa zinthu mu funso - zikuchokera awo.

Zovuta mapuloteni: Tanthauzo

Izi zinthu ziwiri zikuluzikulu, monga yosavuta mapuloteni (unyolo peputayidi) ndi chuma sanali proteinaceous (apulasitiki gulu). Mu ndondomeko ya hydrolysis zidulo kwa amino anapanga, ndipo sanali mapuloteni gawo la mankhwala kuwonongeka. kusiyana kumodzi mapuloteni ochokera zovuta ziti? Woyamba imakhala yokha ya amino zidulo.

Gulu ndi mapangidwe mapulotini zovuta

zinthu amenewa anawagawa mitundu malingana ndi mtundu wa magulu zina. Mapulotini zovuta monga:

• Glycoproteins - mapuloteni, maselo amene muli zimam'patsa moiety. Ena mwa iwo ndi proteoglycans (zigawo intercellular danga), kuphatikizapo akuphatikizapo mucopolysaccharides. Pakuti immunoglobulins ndi glycoproteins.
• Lipoproteins amapanga ndi zamadzimadzi chigawo. Zikuphatikizapo apolipoproteins, kuchita ntchito ya kuonetsetsa zoyendera zamadzimadzi.
• Metalloproteins muli zitsulo ayoni (mkuwa, manganese, chitsulo, etc.), Wolumikizidwa kudzera ndi anzake mwiniwake-acceptor. gulu simaphatikiza heme mapuloteni kupanga profirinovogo mphete pawiri ndi chitsulo, ndi monga pa kapangidwe ka pawiri (wotchedwa chlorophyll, makamaka).
• Nucleoproteins - mapuloteni ndi nsinga sanali covalent ndi zidulo mkati (DNA, RNA). Zikuphatikizapo chromatin - mbali DNA.
• 5. Fosfoproteidy, monga casein (zovuta mapuloteni curd) monga zatsalira covalently zogwirizana asidi phosphoric.

• Chromoproteins coloration zimalunzanitsa pamodzi chigawo apulasitiki. kalasi Izi zikuphatikizapo heme mapuloteni, chlorophylls ndi flavoproteins.

Features wa glycoproteins ndi proteoglycans

mapulotini Awa ndi zinthu zovuta. Proteoglycans muli nusu lalikulu la chakudya (80-85%), ochiritsira glycoprotein okhutira 15-20%. zidulo Uronic alipo yekha mu proteoglycans molekyulu, chakudya amasiyana zonse kapangidwe kubwereza mayunitsi awo. ndi kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya mapuloteni zovuta, glycoproteins chiyani? zimam'patsa unyolo zawo zikuphatikiza mayunitsi 15 okha ndipo ndi dongosolo osasamba. The zimam'patsa nyumba glycoproteins kulankhulana ndi chigawo mapuloteni ambiri ndi kudzera zatsalira kwa amino asidi monga serine kapena asparagine.

Ntchito ya glycoproteins:

• Ndi mbali ya khoma bakiteriya selo, fupa connective minofu ndi chichereŵechereŵe, kolajeni yozungulira ulusi elastin.
• Kumathandiza zozitetezera. Mwachitsanzo, nyumba imeneyi ndi chitetezo, interferon, zinthu magazi clotting (prothrombin, fibrinogen).
• Kodi zolandilira kuti mucheze ndi effector - yaing'ono sanali mapuloteni molekyulu. Last, kujowina mapuloteni, kumabweretsa kusintha conformation ake, imbaenda yeniyeni yankho okhudza maselo ambiri.
• Chigwire ntchito m'thupi. Zikutanthauza glycoprotein gonadotropin, chithokomiro-zolimbikitsa timadzi ndi adrenocorticotropic.
• Mankhwala amadutsa mu magazi ndi ayoni kudutsa khungu nembanemba (transferrin, transcortin, albumin, Na +, K + -ATPase).

Ndi glycoprotein michere monga cholinesterase ndi nuclease.

More za proteoglycans

Childs proteoglycan zovuta mapuloteni zikutanthauza dongosolo ikuluikulu zimam'patsa unyolo ndi kubwereza zatsalira disaccharide wopangidwa asidi ndi uronic ndi aminosugar. Oligo- kapena polysaccharide unyolo otchedwa glycans. Woyamba zambiri zili 2-10 mayunitsi monomer.

Malinga ndi kapangidwe ka unyolo zimam'patsa secrete mitundu yosiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo, heteropolysaccharides acidic ndi magulu zambiri acidic kapena glycosaminoglycan munali magulu kwa amino. Dama:

• asidi Hyaluronic, amene ntchito mwakhama zodzoladzola.
• Heparin, amene kumathandiza magazi clotting.
• Keratan sulphate - zigawo zikuluzikulu za chichereŵechereŵe ndi diso.
• Chondroitin sulfates ndi mbali ya chichereŵechereŵe ndi madzimadzi synovial.

Izi ma polima - zigawo proteoglycan kuti mudzaze danga intercellular, amawagwiritsitsa madzi, mafuta mbali makina a mafupa, ndi zigawo zawo structural. Hydrophilicity (solubility zabwino mu madzi) proteoglycans zimawathandiza danga intercellular kulenga chopinga mamolekyulu lalikulu ndi tizilombo. Ndi thandizo lawo kulenga bokosi gelled limene ulusi adalowetsedwa mapulotini ena ofunika ngati kolajeni. magulu ake chilengedwe proteoglycan ndi mawonekedwe mtengo.

Features ndi mitundu ya lipoproteins

Lipoprotein zovuta mapuloteni ali bwino kutchulidwa wapawiri hydrophilic ndipo hydrophobic chikhalidwe. Phata molekyulu (hydrophobic gawo) kupanga esters sanali kumalo ozizira a mafuta ndi triacylglycerides.

Kunja mu zone ya hydrophilic anakonza mapuloteni mbali phospholipids, mafuta m'thupi. Pali mitundu ingapo ya lipoproteins mapuloteni malingana dongosolo lawo.

Makalasi yaikulu ya lipoproteins:

• Chipangizo mkulu osalimba mapuloteni (HDL, α-lipoprotein). Lisamukira mafuta m'thupi kwa chiwindi ndi zimakhala zotumphukira.
• Low kachulukidwe (LDL, β-lipoproteins). Kuwonjezera mafuta chimadzera triacylglycerides ndi phospholipids.
• Kwambiri otsika kachulukidwe (VLDL chisanafike β-lipoprotein). Kuchita ntchito zofanana LDL.
• Chylomicrons (cm). Amakweza zidulo mafuta ndi mafuta m'thupi ku intestine pambuyo kudya chakudya.

Mtima kudwala monga arteriosclerosis, cimabwela zosayenera chiŵerengero cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya lipoproteins m'magazi. Ndi mapangidwe a zikuchokera chingathe kuwululidwa angapo kusintha mumaganiza phospholipids kapangidwe (kwa HDL kuti chylomicron): kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha mapuloteni (80 10%), ndi phospholipids, triacylglycerides kuchuluka kuwonjezeka (20 90%).

Mwa zina zofunika michere, metalloproteins

Metalloproteins zingaphatikizepo ayoni angapo zitsulo. pamaso pawo amakhudza lathu la gawo lapansi mu yogwira (othandizira) malo a enzyme ndi. Zitsulo ayoni zili mu malo yogwira ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri mu zimene othandizira. ion zambiri amachita ngati elekitironi acceptor.

Zitsanzo zitsulo ali kapangidwe ka enzyme metalloproteins:

• Mkuwa zili m'gulu la cytochrome oxidase, amene pamodzi ndi heme lili ndi ion zitsulo izi. The puloteni nawo mapangidwe ATP pa unyolo kupuma.
• Iron muli michere monga ferritin, chitsulo amachita depositing ntchito mu chipinda; transferrin - chonyamulira cha chitsulo magazi; catalase anachita ndi udindo kwa neutralization wa hydrogen peroxide.
• Nthaka - zitsulo, ndilo khalidwe kwa mowa nawo makutidwe ndi okosijeni Mowa ndi alcohols ofanana; lactate dehydrogenase - puloteni mu kagayidwe asidi lactic; carbonic anhydrase amene catalyzes mapangidwe asidi carbonic kwa NKHA ₂ ndi H ₂ Inu; zamchere phosphatase, amachita hydrolytic pogawanikana pamawere wa esters mankwala ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana; α2-macroglobulin - antiproteazny magazi mapuloteni.
• Selenium ndi gawo thyroperoxidase nawo mapangidwe mahomoni chithokomiro; glutathione peroxidase, kumachita ngati ntchito antioxidant.
• Kashiamu ndi khalidwe kwa kapangidwe ka α-amylase - hydrolytic enzyme pogawanikana pamawere wowuma.

phosphoprotein

Gawo la zovuta mapuloteni phosphoprotein? Kwa gulu ili yodziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa mankwala gulu, amene zogwirizana ndi mapuloteni moiety kudzera ndi kwa amino asidi ndi hydroxyl gulu (tyrosine, serine kapena threonine). Kodi asidi phosphoric, pamene mu kapangidwe ka mapuloteni ndi? Chingasinthe kapangidwe maselo, kuwapatsa iwo mlandu, kumaonjezera solubility, zimakhudza katundu wa mapuloteni a. Zitsanzo ndi phosphoprotein casein ndi albumin dzira mkaka, koma makamaka kuti gulu mapulotini zovuta ndi michere.

Mankwala gulu amasewera yofunika zinchito udindo, monga mapulotini zambiri zokhudza si okhazikika. Mu khola nthawi zonse njira phosphorylation ndi dephosphorylation zimachitika. Motero, lamulo ikuchitika zonsezo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati histones - mapuloteni zogwirizana mkati zidulo chimaposa m'chigawo phosphorylated, ndiye ntchito za matupi athu ndi (zinthu majini) kumawonjezera. Ndi phosphorylation zimadalira ntchito michere monga glycogen synthase ndi glycogen phosphorylase.

nucleoprotein

Nucleoproteins - mapuloteni zogwirizana zidulo mkati. Iwo - mbali ya yosungirako ndi malamulo a chuma chibadwa, ntchito ya ribosomes, kuchita ntchito ya kaphatikizidwe mapuloteni. Mawonekedwe zosavuta moyo HIV angatchedwe ribo- ndi dezoksiribonukleoproteinami, popeza zigwirizana zakuthupi majini ndi mapuloteni.

Monga mogwirizana asidi deoxyribonucleic (DNA) ndi histone? Mu chromatin olekanitsidwa awiri yonse ya mapuloteni kugwirizana ndi DNA (histone ndipo sanali histone). Sitepe yoyamba nawo compaction koyamba DNA. mkati asidi molekyulu wokhota padziko mapuloteni kupanga nucleosomes. Ulusi anapanga ndi ofanana ndi mikanda ya, anapanga supercoiled kapangidwe (chromatin fibril) ndi supercoil (genonema interphase). Ndi zochita za mapuloteni histone ndi mapuloteni a misinkhu apamwamba lili kuchepetsa DNA miyeso kambirimbiri. Wokwanira kuyerekeza kukula kwa khromozomu ndi mkati asidi m'litali, kuti aone kufunika kwa mapuloteni (6-9 masentimita ndi 6,10 microns, motero).

ndi chromoproteins Kodi

Chromoproteins muli magulu osiyanasiyana kwambiri omwe ndi ogwirizana yekha ndi chinthu chimodzi - kukhalapo kwa mtundu mu chigawo apulasitiki. mapulotini lovuta gulu anawagawa: hemoproteins (muli heme dongosolo) retinalproteiny (vitamini A), flavoproteins (vitamini B2), kobamidproteiny (vitamini B12).

Hemoproteins m'magulu malinga ntchito pa enzymatic sanali (mioglobinovy hemoglobin ndi mapuloteni) ndi michere (cytochromes, catalases, peroxidases).

Flavoproteins ali ngati ofanana nawo apulasitiki chigawo vitamini B2, flavin mononucleotide (FMN) kapena flavin adenine dinucleotide (potengera anzawo). michere awa akugwira nawo ntchito masinthidwe redox. Zikuphatikizapo oxidoreductases.

cytochromes ndi chiyani?

Monga tafotokozazi, tichipeza heme porphyrin. akuphatikizapo tichipeza mphete zinayi pyrrole, ndi divalent chitsulo. A gulu lapadera la heme michere - cytochromes, zimasiyanasiyana kwa amino asidi zikuchokera ndi chiwerengero cha unyolo peputayidi, apadera pogwira redox anachita, chifukwa omwe amaperekedwa ndi elekitironi kutengerapo mu unyolo kupuma. michere awa nawo microsomal makutidwe ndi okosijeni - zochita koyamba biotransformation xenobiotic, zikubweretsa chilolezo awo ndipo thupi zinthu zambiri amkati ndi exogenous, monga mankhwala, zimalimbikitsa mafuta zidulo.

Zotsatira apulasitiki gulu

Apulasitiki gulu, zomwe ndi mbali ya mapuloteni zovuta amakhudza katundu: kusintha mlandu wake, solubility, thermoplasticity. Mwachitsanzo, zinthu ngati zimenezi ndi zatsalira asidi phosphoric kapena monosaccharides. The zimam'patsa gawo m'gulu zovuta zomanga thupi, ndi kutetezera proteolysis (anawononga hydrolysis) amakhudza malowedwe a mamolekyulu mwa selo nembanemba, katulutsidwe awo ndi kusanja. The zamadzimadzi moiety amalola mapuloteni kulenga njira za mayendedwe a bwino madzi sungunuka mankhwala (hydrophobic).

Kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya mapuloteni zovuta ndi kum'patsa pa gulu apulasitiki. Mwachitsanzo, pogwiritsa ntchito chitsulo munali heme mu hemoglobin mpweya kumangako amapezeka ndi mpweya. Chifukwa nucleoproteins popangidwa ndi mogwirizana kwa histones, protamines ndi DNA kapena RNA zimachitika kuteteza chuma chibadwa, yosungirako ake yaying'ono, ndondomeko ya kumanga ya RNA mu kaphatikizidwe mapuloteni. Nucleoproteins otchedwa maofesi khola mapulotini zidulo mkati.

Pomaliza

Choncho, mapuloteni zovuta zosiyanasiyana chachikulu ntchito mu thupi. Choncho, kumwa macro- ndi micronutrients ndi ofunika thanzi. Zitsulo ndi gawo la michere ambiri. Kudziwa sayansi, makamaka thanzi ndi udindo zachilengedwe okhala, mungathe kusintha mode mphamvu yake. Mwachitsanzo, malo akutali, yodziwika ndi akusowa wa chinthu ichi. ankalowa zina mwa zakudya mu mawonekedwe zina zimathandiza kuthetsa vuto la.