Chomera cha Volgograd hydro: chidziwitso chodziwika

Volzhskaya HPP ndi malo akuluakulu a mphamvu za madzi m'dera la Ulaya la Russia. Pakalipano, ndi gawo la RusHydro Corporation monga nthambi. Nyumba yaikuluyi ili pakati pa chigawo cha Traktorozavodsky cha Volgograd ndi mzinda wake wotchedwa Volzhsky. Malo ogwiritsira ntchito magetsi oyendetsa magetsi amenewa ndi gulu la magetsi omwe amatsitsimula.

Kodi Volgograd Hydroelectric Power Station inamangidwa liti ku USSR?

Chigamulo chokhazikitsa chomera ichi chinapangidwa pa August 6, 1950. Pa tsiku limeneli Stalin anasaina lamulo la USSR Council of Ministers pomanga chipangizo choyendetsera madzi kumpoto kwa Volgograd ndi mphamvu yokwana 1.7 miliyoni kW.

Pakukonza chinthu chofunikira ichi chinali:

• 130 miliyoni zokwana m mifuwa zatsimbidwa;
• Kuphatikizidwa mamita zikwi makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu zikwi makumi asanu ndi limodzi (5462,000) ^za nyumba ^za konkire
• Anapanga njira 85 zosiyana.

Zojambula ndi ndondomeko za chomeracho zinayambitsidwa ndi mayiko khumi ndi anayi ofukufuku poyang'anira bungwe la Hydroproject. Ntchito yomanga nyumba yofunika ngati Gear Station ya Volgograd, imene chithunzi chake chaperekedwa pa tsambali, inayamba mu 1951. Mu 1958, magulu atatu oyambirira oyendetsa magetsi anayamba kuyambitsidwa, ndipo mu 1962 ogwira ntchitoyi adasonkhanitsa omalizira - zaka 22. Zida zomangamanga zimaperekedwa ndi mabungwe oposa 1500 ochokera ku mizinda 500 ya dzikolo.

Anagwira nawo ntchito yomanga mgwirizanowu ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha akatswiri a mbiri zosiyanasiyana kuchokera kumbali zonse za USSR. Oposa 10,000 anthu a Komsomol ndi akaidi 20,000 a Akhtuba ITK anagwira ntchito yomanga HPP. Malipiro ambiri a mwezi a ogwira ntchito anali makapu 329.

Zojambula Zapangidwe

Mpaka lero, zomera zowonjezera mphamvu za Volgograd zikuphatikizapo:

• Dothi la konkire ndi matope 725 kutalika kwa matope;
• Kumanga kwa siteshoni yomwe ili ndi mamangidwe okwana 736 mamita;
• Damu lachonde la pansi ndi 3250m;
• Damu lamanzere la mabanki la floodplain ndi zitsulo zitatu ndi chingwe cholowera ku 5,6 km kutalika.

Kuonjezerapo, malo ogulitsa nsomba ndi njira ya Volga-Akhtuba imaphatikizidwa pa siteshoniyi. Maofesi a makina oyendetsa magetsi ndiwo msewu waukulu ndi njanji. Malo opanikizika a sitima amapanga Volgograd Reservoir. Malo amtunduwu ndi 3117 m ² , bukuli ndi 31.5 km ³ . Malo okwera kwambiri a Volgograd Power Station (dothi la konkire) ndi 44 mamita.

Kukonzekera kwa siteshoni

Mphamvu ya HPP ndi 2587.5 MW. Chiwerengero ichi ndi chachikulu kwambiri. Mphamvu ya Volgograd hydro hydrogramme imapanga magetsi okwana 11.1 biliyoni. Mawindo oyendetsa magetsi omwe ali pa siteshoniyi amaikidwa pa 22. Mphamvu zisanu ndi zinayi (9) ndi 115 MW, 8,5 - 125.5 MW, 5 MW - 120 MW. Maunitelo amasonkhana muzipinda zosiyana muwiri. Pa wophika nsomba pali kenakake kakang'ono ka mtundu umenewu kwa 11 MW. Mphamvu zonse za stationti ndi 63060 mamita ³ / s.

Udindo mu chuma cha dziko

Ntchito yomanga nyumba ya Volgograd yomwe ili pakati pa zaka zapitazi idakonzedwa kuti ipereke magetsi pakati pa RSFSR, dera la Volga ndi madera akumwera a dzikoli. Mpaka pano, malo awa ndi chimodzi mwa mfundo zazikulu za Unified Energy System ya Russia. Pachilumbachi, imatumiza kV 500 peresenti, m'dera la Volga - 220 kV komanso m'madera akum'mwera - 800 kV.

Kuwonjezera pa magetsi enieni, sitima imathetsanso mavuto ena a chitukuko cha chuma cha dziko. Makamaka, malo ogwilitsila nchitoyi akugwiritsidwa ntchito ku ulimi wouma wa Transvolga ndi otsetsereka a Caspian. Kuphatikiza apo, chomera cha mphamvu ya hydro-hydrography chimapanga njira yabwino yoyendetsa ngalawa kuchokera ku Astrakhan kupita ku Saratov.

Misewu ya sitimayo ndi yamsewu yomwe ili pambali ya dziwe imapereka mgwirizano wochepa kwambiri pakati pa dera la Volga. Mwatsoka, pamsewu waukulu masiku ano nthawi zambiri amapangidwanso. Zonse zokhudzana ndi kuwonongeka kwa nyumba zamatabwa ndi kufunikira kokonzanso kawirikawiri. Mwamwayi, pambuyo pomanga mlatho wawukulu kudutsa Volga kudera lino, katundu pa mzere waukulu umene umadutsa pamadziwo unachepa pang'ono.

Discharges

Monga momwe zilili ndi malo ena onse, Volgograd Power Station, pakagwa chisanu, imatulutsa madzi ochulukirapo. Nthaŵi ya opaleshoniyi imadalira zinthu zambiri. Kuwonetsa ndondomeko yotaya madzi a Volgograd hydroelectric power station makamaka ndi kuchuluka kwa mphepo yomwe inagwa m'nyengo yozizira komanso kukula kwa madzi.

Mwachitsanzo, mu 2016 kumira pa siteshoni kunayamba pa April 22 ndipo kunapitirira mpaka May 16 kuphatikizapo. Malo opitirira madzi ambiri a Volgogradskaya HPP anali 27,000 mamita ³ . Zonsezi, makilomita oposa 100 makilomita anatsanulidwa kuchokera ku gombe. Kuyambira pa May 17, kuchepa kwa ndalama kunachepa pang'onopang'ono (pafupifupi 1000 mamita ³ patsiku). Pofika chaka cha 20.05 anafika pamtunda wa 23,000 m ³ .

Chaka chilichonse, kayendetsedwe ka kayendedwe ka madzi kamayesa kutambasula madzi. Chowonadi ndi chakuti kuchepa kwake kumapeto kwa mwezi wa May - kumayambiriro kwa June kumaphwanya kwambiri chilengedwe cha chigawochi. Ngati madzi ochokera kumalo osungirako magetsi pamapeto a mvula adzamasulidwa pang'ono, pakati pa chilimwe m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Volga, nyanja, mitsinje ndi Erica zidzauma. Pochepetsa kuchepetsa kutuluka kwa magetsi a Volgograd hydroelectric power station, kayendedwe kawo, pakati pa zinthu zina, chimaletsa kuwonongedwa kwa nyanja. Kuphatikizanso apo, ndondomeko yowonongeka imathandiza kuti nsomba zikhale bwino m'mtsinje.

Nyumba yowala

Monga imodzi mwa nyumba zazikulu kwambiri za m'zaka za zana la 20, Volgograd power power station, ndithudi, imakopa alendo ambiri, apakhomo ndi akunja. Chiwonetsero cha nyumbayi ndi chochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Makamaka pa April kusamba madzi.

Kuphatikiza pa malo enieni omwe amagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi, maulendo oyendayenda nthawi zambiri amauza alendo kuti ayendere ku chipinda choyima chapafupi chomwe chili pa chipata chakumwera. Kuchokera kuno kumatsegula malingaliro apadera a Volga womwe, mzinda, zilumba. Kuwonetseredwa bwino kuchokera ku lighthouse ndi chipilala cha Motherland.

Zinthu zachilengedwe

Inde, zomangamanga za Volgograd Power Station zimapindulitsa kwambiri chuma cha dziko. Koma panthawi imodzimodziyo, mwambo wake, mwatsatanetsatane, unayambitsa kwambiri kuwonongeke kwa zamoyo za Volga ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Kotero, mwachitsanzo, chipinda cha mphamvu ya magetsi chinatseka msewu wopha nsomba ku Nyanja ya Caspian. Makamaka, Russian sturgeon, beluga, ndi herga ya Volga akhala akuvutika ndi izi. Nsomba zikukwera pa siteshoni sizimasiyana mosiyana kwambiri ndipo zimapereka nsomba kuposa 15%. Pa sevriuga ndi voblo, pofika m'mphepete mwa mtsinjewu, kumanga kachipangizo ka magetsi, mwachisangalalo, kunalibe mphamvu.

Monga malo ena aliwonse, Sitimayi ya Volgograd Hydroelectric Power Station imatsutsidwa ndi azinthu zachilengedwe chifukwa chokhala ndi malo ochuluka.

Midzi yosauka

Panthawi yomanga nyumba ya Volga, yomwe HPP yomwe ikuwerengedwera ndi gawo, malo ambiri okhalamo anasefukira. Mwachitsanzo, pamene sitima ya Rybinsk inamangidwa, tauni yakale ya Mologa, yomwe masiku ano imatchedwa Soviet Atlantis, inapita pansi pa madzi . Anthu 249 anakana mwamphamvu kuchoka pakhomoli ndipo, ndithudi, adamwalira. Mu malipoti omwe anatumizidwa kwa akuluakulu a boma, pambuyo pake adanenedwa kuti onse "adamva zowawa," ndiko kuti, anali osaganizira bwino.

Panthawi yomanga nyumba ya Volgograd, magulu ambiri a mizindayi anasefukira. Mwachitsanzo, mudzi umene anthu adasamukira unali mudzi wa Lugovaya Proleika. Panthawi ya nkhondo ya Stalingrad, mudzi uwu unali pafupi kwambiri ndi asilikali a Soviet. Apa panali mayunitsi a 8 Air Army ndi zipatala zinayi. Pambuyo pomanga nyumba yosungiramo madzi, mudziwo unasamukira kumalo ena, kumene udakalipo.

Asanayambe Nkhondo Yaikulu Yachikondi, panali polojekiti malinga ndi momwe malo oyendetsa magetsi ankayenera kumangidwa pafupi ndi tauni ya Kamyshin. Zikanakhala zitakwaniritsidwa, gawo la mzinda wa Saratov, Engels, Volsk ndi ena ena akanakhala pansi pa madzi. Mwamwayi, nzeru zamaganizo zimagonjetsa, ndipo Volga HPP inamangidwa kumene ili lero. Panalibe mzinda wina umene unasefukira panthawi yomwe ankakonzedwa.

Zosangalatsa

Pofuna kumanga nyumba ya Volgograd (Stalingrad) yamagetsi kwa nthawi yoyamba ku USSR, chombocho chinkagwiritsidwa ntchito kusuntha katundu. Pambuyo pake, lusoli silinagwiritsidwepo ntchito pomanga zomera zina.

Ntchito yomanga malo ofunika monga Volgogradskaya HPP inamalizidwa nthawi yolemba - pasanathe zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi. Komabe, kumangidwanso kwakhala zaka 11. Dates linachedwa makamaka chifukwa cha imfa ya Stalin. Ndipotu, antchito akuluakulu pa malo omangamanga anali akaidi. Pambuyo imfa ya mtsogoleri yemweyo mu 1953, ambiri a iwo amayenera kusungunuka.

Pamene Volgograd yamagetsi anakhazikitsidwa, makilomita 140 miliyoni a nthaka adasankhidwa ndi omanga. Ngati amayenera kutengedwa ndi sitima, zimatenga magalimoto 8 miliyoni. M'dera la dera la spillway pamene ntchito yomanga nyumbayi imamangidwanso, dothi ladothi la 12 mamita lidawombedwa.

Masiku ano, asanalowe m'madzi, pali malo apolisi apamtunda, chikumbutso kwa omanga, komanso chizindikiro chochenjeza choletsedwa chithunzi ndi kujambula mavidiyo. Musadutse dziwa kudzera kudutsa pamsewu.

Masiku ano, zomera zowonjezera mphamvuyi zimagwiritsabe ntchito kwambiri zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri chuma cha boma komanso moyo wa anthu okhala mumzinda wa Volgograd, Kamyshin, Volzhsk, ndi zina zotero. Makamaka, izi zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pa madzi. Pezani nthawi yomwe madzi akumwa mu Volgograd Hydroelectric Power Plant akuchepetsedwa kapena chiwerengero chazitsulo chimakonzedwa kwa nthawi yoyamba, mwachitsanzo, n'zosavuta kuti mutenge ma nyuzipepala ndi malo ena a intaneti.