Chotengera chipangizo. General dongosolo la zipangizo ndi zofunikira pamoyo

Sitima chipangizo - ndi ntchito yofunika loyang'anizana anthu a pa apanyanja. Iwo tiyenera kuonetsetsa katundu ndipo wina utuluke. mavuto onse ungagwire analankhula yekha ndi kuwongolera zombo za. Mukhoza kusintha zombo wachikulire kapena kumanga chitsanzo ano.

ngalawa chiyani?

Lero akupereka zosiyanasiyana zombo amene ali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti iwo analengedwa zolinga zosiyanasiyana, komanso zinthu yokumba kwawo zambiri. Ndicho chifukwa akatswiri tigwire ntchito monga sitima kapangidwe specialization, bungwe ntchito yomanga ndi kukonzanso, kumayambiriro mfundo yatsopano, akukonzekera wautali zoyendera komanso ntchitoyo mawerengedwe poyerekeza zachuma. zitsanzo chombo akhoza wachinsinsi ndi mbali zotsatirazi:

• Ndi mtundu wa magalimoto ndi kudzikonda injini kumbali kugudubuzika.
• njira za kayendedwe - ziwiya zimene tiwolokere pa madzi kudzera mwa munthu khushoni mpweya, komanso padziko madzi. Pali zipangizo zimene mosavuta kusuntha pansi madzi - sitima zankhondo izi.
• State thupi. Pakati zosiyanasiyana yaikulu zikuphatikizapo zitsanzo zimene okhwima, kugawa kufufuma thupi.
• Nkhani yaikulu ya thupi. Pa kupanga angagwiritsidwe ntchito zitsulo, kasakaniza wazitsulo kuwala zitsulo, mapulasitiki, matabwa, nyumba konkire, kapena zipangizo kusintha gulu.
• Navigation m'deralo. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa zombo panyanja mwa nyanja.
• Rhode zosagwiritsa chachikulu. zitsanzo chombo monga chipangizo chimenechi chifukwa amathandiza kubweretsa izo poyenda. Tingasiyanitsire Sitima amene ali pisitoni kapena nthunzi chopangira mphamvu unsembe. Pa zombo wokwera injini kuyaka mkati.

Court yapachiweniweni

Sitima ndi cholinga boma, kuwonetsa mawonekedwe a zipangizo zoyendera kapena nsomba. Zinalengedwa kudzapeza ntchito yokonza mwamtendere pakati pa mitundu. ziwiya nyanja izi kupereka malonda yachilendo, malonda ndi ubwenzi chikhalidwe, kuthandiza kutulutsa malonda a panyanja, komanso kuti akonzanso izo. Iwo amakhala okonzeka ndi zipangizo zina zapadera zoyendera katundu chopangidwa kapena chakudya. zombo wamba zili ndi zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zina zimene zimadalira kumalo awo kuti:

1. Transport kapena yonyamula katundu. Akhoza kunyamula m'basimo kapena pang'ono zofunika - ichi mail, maphukusi, katundu ndi zambiri. Mayendedwe liniya ziwiya navigation amachita flights zonse pakati pa madoko angapo. Iwo akutchedwanso liners. Yonyamula katundu amanyamula katundu pa mizere chosadziwika akhoza tiwolokere kwina kulikonse.
2. Usodzi chotengera. Kudzera mwa zimenezi zingabweretse mankhwala a nyanja, kapena kuti nsomba, nyama za m'madzi, algae. Usodzi chotengera amalola anthu akonzanso kwa zakudya nyanja mankhwala theka-yomalizidwa kapena mankhwala ena yotsirizidwa. Komanso Amakweza kuti m'munsi akuyandama kapena pagombe.
3. ziwiya Research. Iwo anapangidwa kuti sayansi ndi kafukufuku ntchito mu nyanja kapena nyanja. Zikuphatikizapo sitima zankhondo mwapadera ndi kusinthidwa kapena zombo pamwamba.
4. Maphunziro sitimayo. Ndi kwa ogwira ntchito amene amachita maphunziro shipboard. Nthawi zambiri ntchito ndi anthu amene analembetsa sukulu yapadera. ziwiya nyanja izi kwenikweni okonzeka ndi Laboratories, m'makalasi, ndi makalasi, mungapezeko kuchita nkhani chitukuko othandiza.

Kodi maonekedwe ayenera bwalo

Mtundu uliwonse wa chotengera ali ndi mawonekedwe lolingana wa nyumba, amene kumatengera zifukwa zambiri. Zikuphatikizapo cholinga chachikulu cha chotengeracho, zikhalidwe za ntchito anafuna ake, liwiro quality, ndi magawo ena ambiri. alumikizana chotengera ndi thupi elongated, amene ali pamalo yokhota kumapeto. Amathandiza kulenga streamlined, umene kuchepetsa madzi kukana ndi kayendedwe mpweya pa ntchito yomanga.

Mbali kutsogolo kwa ngalawayo amatchedwa uta ndipo anamanga kutenga nkhani malamulo okhazikika sitimayo yomanga zojambula. Kuti sitimayo kuti amayandama pamwamba pa madzi akhakula, sapita ku mafunde mbali zonse thupi ayenera pang'ono kukodzedwa msinkhu. Akatswiri amve makamaka kwa zomangira pachithandara ndi chiwongolero, amene ayenera kupereka yabwino kantchito.

The mfundo kulenga zojambula ongolankhula

Isanayambe pomanga ongolankhula zojambula mlengi ayenera kulingalira za mphambano ya mizere thupi. Muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito wothandiza, analemba diametrical ndi ndege yaikulu. gawo Ko kupanga chimango thupi, amene adzakupatsani lingaliro bwino za pazipita ndi mawonekedwe a dongosolo la. Chifukwa mu zotsatira zake zomalizira za ziyerekezo kumaphatikizapo mbali, ndipo m'lifupi mwake thupi chachikulu.

The ziyerekezo a chigawo nyumba ali mawonekedwe a mizere molunjika, umene kupanga gululi wa zojambula ongolankhula. Munthu akumanga gululi ichi, kapangidwe waterline ayenera kugawidwa mu magawo makumi awiri ofanana. Iwo akutanthauza ndi danga hem, ndipo ndi thandizo la magawano angathe kuchitidwa mafelemu ongolankhula. The chipangizo chotengera m'malo zovuta zina kapangidwe ayenera ntchito yekha ndi anthu oyenerera.

Manambala imagwiridwa ndi kusuntha mizere kuchokera mphuno kuti kumbuyo. Pamene script ndi wokonzeka ongolankhula zojambula, muyenera kuchotsa chifukwa ndondomeko yonse ya tigwirizane wa zokhotakhota ndi grids. Iwo ali othandiza kumasulira lonse chithunzicho mu miyeso weniweni. deta zonse ziyenera kulembedwa mu magazini odzipereka kuti kumaphatikizapo lofting kukhazikitsa tebulo. M'tsogolo, iwo ntchito mu sitima, komanso zokambirana zapadera. Apa akatswiri kugonana mu mawonekedwe a bolodi zojambula, wotchedwa Plaza. Iwo ankaimira chachikulu ndi kugawidwa ndi zojambula ongolankhula. Pomanga chombo ndi Plaza ndi kuchotsa dongosolo ndi makulidwe kuti mfundo za alumikizana ndi.

zipangizo zina ziti zimene okonzeka ziwiya nsomba?

Court ntchito mafakitale ntchito kugwira nsomba, zisindikizo, anamgumi walruses ndi zina zambiri zinthu zamoyo za m'nyanja. Usodzi chotengera amatenga magawo atatu a dziko zombo zamalonda zolimba. Mukhoza kusankha mitundu zotsatirazi ziwiya asodzi zili ndi zipangizo zapadera:

• Seiner - ndi kapangidwe mungathe kugwira nsomba ndi maukonde. Kudzadzipeza anapanga pogwiritsa ntchito katundu muvi.
• Trawler. Ndi chotengera wapadera kamangidwe kake, amene amathandiza kugwira nsomba ndi trawl - zopezera operekedwa mu mawonekedwe a thumba lalikulu.
• Wongoyendayenda. Today chombo amakonda kufunika kwambiri, chifukwa amalola kuti nsomba kulowerera pa. Okonzeka ndi khoka mosabisa.
• Akuyandama nsomba cannery ndipo m'munsi. ziwembu anagonjera tuluka panyanja ndi mwachindunji chinkhoswe mu processing nsomba chakudya zamzitini. Pali trawls mauna, processing ndi refrigeration zida.
• Whalers. Iwo ntchito pazipita Mwachangu whaling. Nthawi zambiri, amapita kwa nyanja chayamba ndi fleets. zombo Awa Machinery, lalikulu ndi odalirika Intaneti chimene chingathe kupirira kwambiri kulemera.
• Scow. zojambula kuperekedwa ndi nsomba pogwiritsa ntchito makoka. Iwo amapita ku Black ndi Nyanja ya Caspian ndi ntchito ya dizilo.

Features warship

Lero mungapeze zombo ndi ziwiya zosiyanasiyana. Koma pakati pa amenewa zosiyanasiyana ziwembu ankaimira ntchito ya usilikali, amene ali a mphamvu onyamula la Chitaganya cha Russia. Iwo kwenikweni kukopedwa kunja zizindikiro kusiyanitsa izi kwa bwalo mmboma. ayenera kukhala pakati kapitawo ndodo lamulo, amene ali mu utumiki wa boma Russian. Wonenedwanso ndi dzina la msilikali ayenera kupezeka mu mndandanda usilikali.

chotengera asilikali zikuphatikizapo Army zida ndi chovala. The zida anapereka zipangizo yodziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa zida za nkhondo. Adzakhululukidwa ntchito mu nkhani za kuwonongedwa pa Malo otetezedwa.

Ziwiya chipangizo zoyendera

zoyendera nyanja imatengedwa kuti ndi yopindulitsa kwambiri ndi otchuka. Zikuthandizani kusamutsa katundu mauthenga intercontinental. Transport m'chombo ali specialization chachikulu - ndi kutumiza wambiri katundu. Zikuphatikizapo lalikulu, chochuluka ndi youma chochuluka katundu. Pankhani mankhwala chakudya, pa zoyendera ayenera kukhala kutentha zina ndi kwina kugwedera.

Mukhoza kusankha ziwiya ambiri amene zida ndi zipangizo zina:

• Chochuluka onyamula akhoza kukwaniritsa osiyanasiyana zosiyanasiyana. Kuchita mayendedwe a nyama ndi nsomba katundu, zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba, zombo awa Komanso okonzeka ndi gulu refrigeration.
• Mathanki cholinga kunyamula katundu lomwe lili ndi boma madzi kapena gaseous. Amalonda ndi mafakitale zikugwira mayendedwe katundu mafuta, mankhwala, feteleza, komanso liquefied gasi. Pali chipinda cha yonyamula katundu enaake oopsa kwambiri.
• Containerships. Iwo akhoza kunyamula chidebe ngati muli. zotengera zili ndi zofunika zida navigation. Zikuthandizani kuti malo, ndi Mlengi amene polojekiti ogwiritsa katundu afotokoze ake. zotumiza chipangizo ali zofunika matabwa zina ndi simenti kuti kudalirika.
• Bulkers ndimuthandize kunyamula katundu chochuluka monga tirigu, miyala, ndiponso malasha.
• Ro-Ro ndi ziwiya mwapadera cholinga. Iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito yopingasa kapena losakanizika mode potsegula katundu.
• Mabwato kunyamula zoyendera coasting njira. Chachikulu kusiyana - ndi mayendedwe a anthu, magalimoto ndi ngolo kwa yokonza njanji.

Small luso: chipangizo

Pomanga zombo ziwembu kulipira mwapadera. Nyumba - ndi mbali yofunika chombo chilichonse ano, kumaphatikizapo chepetsa ndi kupanga. Ndi zigawo izi angathe kupereka sitima mawonekedwe zofunikira ndipo komabe kupereka zizindikiro monga mphamvu, madzi kukana ndi stiffness chombocho. Ndi ntchitozo chimatanthauza chipangizo bwato laling'ono.

Khalani ndi kumatanthauza katundu mwankhanza dongosolo, chomwe ndi mankhwala a matabwa kotenga ndi yopingasa kapena zikulumikizana. Pamene iwo olumikiza mzake, likukhalira kumaliza kwa chimango. Ali ngati dera Buku limene anafuna kuti mapepala kuyembekezera, adzikometsa. chimango The amasonyeza bata zina ndi chinthu chimodzimodzi chombocho.

Pali kachitidwe zingapo kuika thupi. Gawo timadalira malangizo a mtengo waukulu:

• Cross.
• Kotenga.
• Kotenga mtanda.

Kodi anapereka dongosolo ntchito yomanga bwato laling'ono?

Pomanga chotengera yaing'ono ntchito yokhayo yopingasa matabwa anapereka dongosolo. Akatswiri ntchito mafelemu, nyama pansi, komanso matabwa pansi sitimayo. Kuchuluka ntchito ya matabwa kotenga pa nthawi ya dongosolo yopingasa ndi yaing'ono. Iwo ntchito mtanda kugwirizana. Chiwerengero cha matabwa si upambana ndalama zisanu, ndipo izi zikuphatikizapo keels ofukula ndi stringer.

Khalani pansi pa chombo zikuphatikizapo intersecting limasonyeza kotenga ndi yopingasa. Malekezero a chombo ayenera kukhala muyezo, amene ayenera shtevnyami. Kuti kangapo kuchepetsa lonse la chombo nthawi ya akusindikizidwa, m'pofunika angagwirizanitse mbali muyezo. Izo zikhoza kukhala zosiyanasiyana kapangidwe ndi kutumikira monga kugwirizana kotenga. Nthawi zambiri, zilibe tipite m'lifupi miyeso yake nyumba ochiritsira.

Utsogoleri zida

Popanda kulibe aliyense zoyendera apanyanja. zombo kum'patula chipangizo ndi mndandanda wa njira zofunika ndi zipangizo zomwe kuonetsetsa posungira chombo kukhala wolimba. Chotero zida ndi zikuphatikizapo chowongolero makina gawo, kagwere kapena actuators hayidiroliki. Masiku ano, pali ziwembu kuti ndi galimoto zikuluzikulu ndi Buku lotsogolera.

The chipangizo cha ngalawayo ndi chiwongolero makamaka amafunika zotsatirazi:

• The pazipita chovomerezeka ngodya kwa zowongolera - osati madigiri zoposa 35. Galimoto mtsinje zombo chofunika kwambiri mwina madigiri 45.
• Nthawi zowongolera chombo sangakhale masekondi oposa 28.
• Mangani aliyense makina tiyenera kuonetsetsa otetezedwa ndi lolondola ntchito unit chiwongolero pa pitching sitimayo.